Question 1

What are possible theories about the cause of the Harappan civilization's collapse?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
Archaeolog

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions :
-bodhisattvas

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 3

Why are the people depicted in this statue keeping their gaze turned inward as they circumambulate the stupa?

Accepted Answer

A)  To display respect for one another 
B)  To keep Buddhism's teachings at the center of their lives 
C)  To display reverence to Buddhist monks 
D)  To attain enlightenment 
A)  To display respect for one another 
B)  To keep Buddhism's teachings at the center of their lives 
C)  To display reverence to Buddhist monks 
D)  To attain enlightenment

Question 4

What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wealth and earthly prosperity 
B)  Becoming a priest 
C)  Union with Brahman 
D)  Physical immortality 
A)  Wealth and earthly prosperity 
B)  Becoming a priest 
C)  Union with Brahman 
D)  Physical immortality

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions :
-dharma

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 6

Mahavira was the founder of what Indian religion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jainism 
B)  Buddhism 
C)  Hinduism 
D)  Sikhism 
A)  Jainism 
B)  Buddhism 
C)  Hinduism 
D)  Sikhism

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions :
-Code of Manu

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions :
-karma

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 9

What gave the Aryans military advantages over the people they defeated in India?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
Aryans had

Question 10

What was one of the most unique features of Harappan cities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Assembly halls 
B)  Wide roads 
C)  Communal wells 
D)  Drainage systems 
A)  Assembly halls 
B)  Wide roads 
C)  Communal wells 
D)  Drainage systems

Question 11

According to Mahavira, what kinds of objects have souls?

Accepted Answer

A)  Only human beings have souls. 
B)  All objects, living or inanimate, have souls. 
C)  Only living creatures, human and animal, have souls. 
D)  All animate objects, but only some inanimate objects, have souls. 
A)  Only human beings have souls. 
B)  All objects, living or inanimate, have souls. 
C)  Only living creatures, human and animal, have souls. 
D)  All animate objects, but only some inanimate objects, have souls.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions :
-caste system

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 13

Who was Chandragupta?

Accepted Answer

A)  The leader of Buddhist reform in India 
B)  The military leader who defeated Alexander the Great at Taxila 
C)  The founder of the Mauryan Empire 
D)  A famous Greek ambassador who was sent to the Mauryan court 
A)  The leader of Buddhist reform in India 
B)  The military leader who defeated Alexander the Great at Taxila 
C)  The founder of the Mauryan Empire 
D)  A famous Greek ambassador who was sent to the Mauryan court

Question 14

Buddha taught that individuals could triumph over human weakness by

Accepted Answer

A)  following an ascetic lifestyle. 
B)  following the Eightfold Path. 
C)  entering a monastery. 
D)  properly observing the rituals of Hinduism. 
A)  following an ascetic lifestyle. 
B)  following the Eightfold Path. 
C)  entering a monastery. 
D)  properly observing the rituals of Hinduism.

Question 15

Compared to ancient Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, what makes the Indus civilization unique?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was nearly twice as large in territory. 
B)  It lasted less than three hundred years. 
C)  Its people did not grow cotton. 
D)  It was not a literate society. 
A)  It was nearly twice as large in territory. 
B)  It lasted less than three hundred years. 
C)  Its people did not grow cotton. 
D)  It was not a literate society.

Question 16

Like early Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization, Harappan civilization depended on what annually?

Accepted Answer

A)  Visitation from the gods to provide for abundance during harvest 
B)  A short but wet growing season 
C)  Attending the Tigris River Valley seed market 
D)  Floods and irrigation to sustain agriculture 
A)  Visitation from the gods to provide for abundance during harvest 
B)  A short but wet growing season 
C)  Attending the Tigris River Valley seed market 
D)  Floods and irrigation to sustain agriculture

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions :
-Mauryan Empire

Accepted Answer

A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group. 
A) Indian religion whose followers consider all life sacred and avoid destroying other life. 
B) Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation. 
C) The eight-step code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon, beginning with "right conduct" and ending with "right contemplation." 
D) The first Indian empire founded by Chandragupta. 
E) The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth.
F)The codification of early Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
G)The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individual's next life.
H)The dominant people in north India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit.
I)The unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads.
J)The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization.
K)The earliest collection of Indian hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises, it is the central source of information on early Aryans.
L)The Buddha's message that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of life; suffering and anxiety are caused by human desires and attachments; people can understand and triumph over these weaknesses; and the triumph is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.
M)The "Great Vehicle," a tradition of Buddhism that aspires to be more inclusive.
N)Priests of the Aryans; they supported the growth of royal power in return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status.
O)The Sanskrit word for moral law, central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.
P)The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted primarily within the group, and especially married within the group.

Question 18

What was one of the first crops to be developed in India?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rice 
B)  Lentils 
C)  Cotton 
D)  Wheat 
A)  Rice 
B)  Lentils 
C)  Cotton 
D)  Wheat

Question 19

Describe the caste system's effect on the social and economic aspects of Indian life.

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
The caste

Question 20

The first Indian civilization-the Harappan civilization-is also known as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Mauryan Empire 
B)  The Indus Valley civilization 
C)  The Indo-Aryan civilization 
D)  Mesopotamia 
A)  The Mauryan Empire 
B)  The Indus Valley civilization 
C)  The Indo-Aryan civilization 
D)  Mesopotamia

Exam 3: The Foundation of Indian Society, to 300 Ce

What are possible theories about the cause of the Harappan civilization's collapse?

Use the following to answer questions : -bodhisattvas

Why are the people depicted in this statue keeping their gaze turned inward as they circumambulate the stupa?

What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?

Use the following to answer questions : -dharma

Mahavira was the founder of what Indian religion?

Use the following to answer questions : -Code of Manu

Use the following to answer questions : -karma

What gave the Aryans military advantages over the people they defeated in India?

What was one of the most unique features of Harappan cities?

According to Mahavira, what kinds of objects have souls?

Use the following to answer questions : -caste system

Who was Chandragupta?

Buddha taught that individuals could triumph over human weakness by

Compared to ancient Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations, what makes the Indus civilization unique?

Like early Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization, Harappan civilization depended on what annually?

Use the following to answer questions : -Mauryan Empire

What was one of the first crops to be developed in India?

Describe the caste system's effect on the social and economic aspects of Indian life.

The first Indian civilization-the Harappan civilization-is also known as which of the following?

The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 Bce

Complex Societies in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley, 3800-500 Bce

Chinas Classical Age, to 221 Bce

The Greek Experience, 3500-30 Bce

The World of Rome, Ca 1000 Bce-400 Ce

East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, 221 Bce-845 Ce

Continuity and Change in Europe and Western Asia, 250-850

The Islamic World, 600-1400

African Societies and Kingdoms, 1000 Bce-1500 Ce

The Americas, 3200 Bce-1500 Ce

Cultural Exchange in Central and Southern Asia, 300-1400

States and Cultures in East Asia, 800-1400

Europe and Western Asia in the Middle Ages, 800-1450

Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600

The Acceleration of Global Contact, 1450-1600

The Islamic World Powers, 1300-1800

European Power and Expansion, 1500-1750

New Worldviews and Ways of Life, 1540-1790

Africa and the World, 1400-1800

Continuity and Change in East Asia, 1400-1800

Revolutions in the Atlantic World, 1775-1825

The Revolution in Energy and Industry, 1760-1850

Ideologies of Change in Europe, 1815-1914

Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and the New Imperialism, 1800-1914

Asia and the Pacific in the Era of Imperialism, 1800-1914

The Americas in the Age of Liberalism, 1810-1917

World War and Revolution, 1914-1929

Nationalism in Asia, 1914-1939

The Great Depression and World War Ii, 1929-1945

Review

Liberalization, 1968-2000s

The Contemporary World in Historical Perspective

20th Century Global Issues and Developments

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