Question 1

Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Glomerulus 
C)  Loop of Henle 
D)  Afferent arteriole 
A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Glomerulus 
C)  Loop of Henle 
D)  Afferent arteriole

Question 2

Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased erythropoietin secretion 
B)  Limited protein intake 
C)  Compensatory increase in bone marrow activity 
D)  Inability to absorb vitamin B12 and iron 
A)  Increased erythropoietin secretion 
B)  Limited protein intake 
C)  Compensatory increase in bone marrow activity 
D)  Inability to absorb vitamin B12 and iron

Question 3

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase the flow of filtrate. 
B)  Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions. 
C)  Excrete a larger volume of more dilute urine. 
D)  Retain more potassium ions in exchange for sodium ions. 
A)  Increase the flow of filtrate. 
B)  Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions. 
C)  Excrete a larger volume of more dilute urine. 
D)  Retain more potassium ions in exchange for sodium ions.

Question 4

Involuntary urination by a child after age 4 or 5, when bladder control is expected, is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  enuresis. 
B)  stress incontinence. 
C)  micturition. 
D)  overflow incontinence. 
A)  enuresis. 
B)  stress incontinence. 
C)  micturition. 
D)  overflow incontinence.

Question 5

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polycystic kidney 
B)  Horseshoe kidney 
C)  Hypoplasia of the kidney 
D)  Vesicoureteral reflux 
A)  Polycystic kidney 
B)  Horseshoe kidney 
C)  Hypoplasia of the kidney 
D)  Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 6

When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key indicator is:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased PCO2. 
B)  increased bicarbonate ion. 
C)  serum pH dropping below 7.35. 
D)  serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ions to 1 carbonic acid. 
A)  increased PCO2. 
B)  increased bicarbonate ion. 
C)  serum pH dropping below 7.35. 
D)  serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ions to 1 carbonic acid.

Question 7

The normal pH of urine is:

Accepted Answer

A)  7.35-7.45. 
B)  4.5- 8.0. 
C)  1.5-7.5. 
D)  1.0-7.0. 
A)  7.35-7.45. 
B)  4.5- 8.0. 
C)  1.5-7.5. 
D)  1.0-7.0.

Question 8

Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?

Accepted Answer

A)  The urine pH decreases. 
B)  Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases. 
C)  Serum potassium levels are high. 
D)  Serum osmotic pressure increases. 
A)  The urine pH decreases. 
B)  Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases. 
C)  Serum potassium levels are high. 
D)  Serum osmotic pressure increases.

Question 9

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area 
B)  Multiple hemorrhages in the kidney 
C)  Severe colicky pain radiating into the groin 
D)  Increased GFR 
A)  Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area 
B)  Multiple hemorrhages in the kidney 
C)  Severe colicky pain radiating into the groin 
D)  Increased GFR

Question 10

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

Accepted Answer

A)  an infection of the gallbladder. 
B)  renal failure due to tubule damage. 
C)  lack of sufficient fluid intake. 
D)  presence of numerous renal calculi. 
A)  an infection of the gallbladder. 
B)  renal failure due to tubule damage. 
C)  lack of sufficient fluid intake. 
D)  presence of numerous renal calculi.

Question 11

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
C)  A pH less than 7.35 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion 
A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
C)  A pH less than 7.35 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion

Question 12

The reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by:
1) atrial natriuretic hormone.
2) antidiuretic hormone.
3) angiotensin.
4) the levels of bicarbonate ion.

Accepted Answer

A) 2 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1, 2 
D) 2, 4 
A) 2 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1, 2 
D) 2, 4

Question 13

With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac arrhythmias. 
B)  encephalopathy. 
C)  hypervolemia. 
D)  skeletal muscle twitch or spasm. 
A)  cardiac arrhythmias. 
B)  encephalopathy. 
C)  hypervolemia. 
D)  skeletal muscle twitch or spasm.

Question 14

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease?
1) Increased blood pressure
2) Elevated serum urea
3) Anemia
4) Acidosis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 2, 4 
C) 1, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 2, 4 
C) 1, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 15

Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renin 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Angiotensin 
D)  Antidiuretic hormone 
A)  Renin 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Angiotensin 
D)  Antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

Accepted Answer

A)  sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord. 
B)  relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder. 
C)  increased pressure distending the bladder. 
D)  contraction of the bladder. 
A)  sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord. 
B)  relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder. 
C)  increased pressure distending the bladder. 
D)  contraction of the bladder.

Question 17

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diffusion 
B)  Osmosis 
C)  Ultrafiltration 
D)  Active transport 
A)  Diffusion 
B)  Osmosis 
C)  Ultrafiltration 
D)  Active transport

Question 18

Cystitis is more common in females because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous. 
B)  the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora. 
C)  the pH of urine is more acidic in females. 
D)  females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies. 
A)  the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous. 
B)  the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora. 
C)  the pH of urine is more acidic in females. 
D)  females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies.

Question 19

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate 
B)  Urine with low specific gravity and dark color 
C)  Albuminuria and hematuria 
D)  Hyponatremia and hypokalemia 
A)  Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate 
B)  Urine with low specific gravity and dark color 
C)  Albuminuria and hematuria 
D)  Hyponatremia and hypokalemia

Question 20

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  control of blood flow by the SNS. 
B)  the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin. 
C)  local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow. 
D)  the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys. 
A)  control of blood flow by the SNS. 
B)  the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin. 
C)  local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow. 
D)  the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys.

Exam 18: Urinary System Disorders

Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?

Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure?

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

Involuntary urination by a child after age 4 or 5, when bladder control is expected, is referred to as:

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key indicator is:

The normal pH of urine is:

Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

The reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by: 1) atrial natriuretic hormone. 2) antidiuretic hormone. 3) angiotensin. 4) the levels of bicarbonate ion.

With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease? 1) Increased blood pressure 2) Elevated serum urea 3) Anemia 4) Acidosis

Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

Cystitis is more common in females because:

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications Due to Pregnancy

Complications Due to Adolescence

Complications Due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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