Question 1

The process of using statistical methods to estimate potential harm from a particular hazard is called ____________________.

Accepted Answer

risk assessment

Question 2

Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Discuss at least one of the factors that explains why most people do a poor job at evaluating risk.​

Accepted Answer

​ Research shows that fear causes people to overestimate risks and to worry more about unusual risks than they do about common,everyday risks.Studies show that people tend to overestimate numbers of deaths caused by tornadoes,floods,fires,homicides,cancer,and terrorist attacks,and to underestimate death tolls from flu,diabetes,asthma,heart attack,stroke,and automobile accidents.​ The degree of control we have in a given situation.Most of us have a greater fear of things over which we do not have personal control.For example,some individuals feel safer driving their own car for long distances than traveling the same distance on a plane.But look at the numbers.The risk of dying in a car accident in the United States while using a seatbelt is 1 in 6,070,whereas the risk of dying in a U.S.commercial airliner crash is about 1 in 9 million.​ The third factor is whether a risk is catastrophic,not chronic.We usually are more frightened by news of catastrophic accidents such as a plane crash than we are of a cause of death such as smoking,which has a much higher death toll spread out over time.​ Fourth,some people suffer from optimism bias,the belief that risks that apply to other people do not apply to them.While people get upset when they see others driving erratically while talking on a cell phone or texting,they may believe that talking on the cell phone or texting does not impair their own driving ability.​ A fifth factor is that many of the risky things we do are highly pleasurable and give instant gratification,while the potential harm from such activities comes later.Examples are smoking cigarettes,eating lots of ice cream,and getting a tan.

Question 4

​We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​antibiotics 
B)  ​DDT 
C)  ​toxic chemicals 
D)  ​unclean water 
E)  ​pathogens 
A)  ​antibiotics 
B)  ​DDT 
C)  ​toxic chemicals 
D)  ​unclean water 
E)  ​pathogens

Question 5

​Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours.

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria 
B)  ​viruses 
C)  ​protozoan parasites 
D)  ​recovery botanical specialist 
E)  ​Anopheles 
A)  bacteria 
B)  ​viruses 
C)  ​protozoan parasites 
D)  ​recovery botanical specialist 
E)  ​Anopheles

Question 6

A basic principle of toxicology is that any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in a large enough quantity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

​The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​bisphenol A 
B)  ​endocrine 
C)  ​hormones 
D)  ​antibodies 
E)  ​phthalates 
A)  ​bisphenol A 
B)  ​endocrine 
C)  ​hormones 
D)  ​antibodies 
E)  ​phthalates

Question 8

Laboratory-bred mice and rats are widely used for toxicity studies because their systems function generally similar to human systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Figure 14.11 
 
-On the accompanying graph,explain what the designation LD50 means.

Accepted Answer

LD50 is the median lethal dose

Question 10

Figure 14.5 
 
-In the accompanying figure,in what age range are females more likely to die from AIDS than males?

Accepted Answer

From 40 on

Question 11

​What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Most mutations of carcinogens cause no harm. 
B)  ​Carcinogens do not cause pain until the very last stages. 
C)  ​Initial exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of detectable cancer symptoms has a 10-40 year time lapse. 
D)  ​Most carcinogens are found in highly addictive substances. 
E)  ​Carcinogens cannot be seen or touched,and therefore,people do not think about their impact. 
A)  ​Most mutations of carcinogens cause no harm. 
B)  ​Carcinogens do not cause pain until the very last stages. 
C)  ​Initial exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of detectable cancer symptoms has a 10-40 year time lapse. 
D)  ​Most carcinogens are found in highly addictive substances. 
E)  ​Carcinogens cannot be seen or touched,and therefore,people do not think about their impact.

Question 12

​A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​chronic effect 
B)  ​subchronic effect 
C)  ​acute effect 
D)  ​subacute effect 
E)  ​superacute effect 
A)  ​chronic effect 
B)  ​subchronic effect 
C)  ​acute effect 
D)  ​subacute effect 
E)  ​superacute effect

Question 13

In the United States,the leading cause of preventable death is tobacco use.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

​What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​flu 
B)  ​malarial protozoa 
C)  ​tuberculosis 
D)  ​diarrhea 
E)  ​AIDS 
A)  ​flu 
B)  ​malarial protozoa 
C)  ​tuberculosis 
D)  ​diarrhea 
E)  ​AIDS

Question 15

​What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Global warming is expected to destroy their habitats. 
B)  ​Many researchers expect to find a cure for malaria. 
C)  ​Oral rehydration therapy will be made available to the poor in developing nations. 
D)  ​The mosquitoes are expected to migrate to warmer areas in the north. 
E)  ​The WHO will likely approve the use of DDT in more areas. 
A)  ​Global warming is expected to destroy their habitats. 
B)  ​Many researchers expect to find a cure for malaria. 
C)  ​Oral rehydration therapy will be made available to the poor in developing nations. 
D)  ​The mosquitoes are expected to migrate to warmer areas in the north. 
E)  ​The WHO will likely approve the use of DDT in more areas.

Question 16

​The chemical pesticide DDT is persistent,or resistant to breakdown,and can be biologically magnified.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Figure 14.5 
 
-In the accompanying figure,how many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would survive if AIDS were eradicated?​

Accepted Answer

About 80,0

Question 18

​Explain the following statement (quotation at the beginning of Chapter 15)made by the German scientist Paracelsus: "The dose makes the poison."

Accepted Answer

A basic concept of toxicology is that an

Question 19

​If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods,and certain wines,which category of chemical hazard is introduced into your system?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Mutagens 
B)  ​Carcinogens 
C)  ​Teratogens 
D)  ​Neurotoxins 
E)  ​Antibodies 
A)  ​Mutagens 
B)  ​Carcinogens 
C)  ​Teratogens 
D)  ​Neurotoxins 
E)  ​Antibodies

Question 20

​A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading,and killing about 150,000 people a year in India,China,and Russia.In order to control the spread of this disease,the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of society.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​influenza 
B)  ​HIV 
C)  ​avian bird flu 
D)  ​malaria 
E)  ​tuberculosis 
A)  ​influenza 
B)  ​HIV 
C)  ​avian bird flu 
D)  ​malaria 
E)  ​tuberculosis

The process of using statistical methods to estimate potential harm from a particular hazard is called ____________________.

Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.

Discuss at least one of the factors that explains why most people do a poor job at evaluating risk.

We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____.

Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours.

A basic principle of toxicology is that any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in a large enough quantity.

The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____.

Laboratory-bred mice and rats are widely used for toxicity studies because their systems function generally similar to human systems.

Figure 14.11 -On the accompanying graph,explain what the designation LD50 means.

Figure 14.5 -In the accompanying figure,in what age range are females more likely to die from AIDS than males?

What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer?

A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n)____.

In the United States,the leading cause of preventable death is tobacco use.

What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought?

What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century?

The chemical pesticide DDT is persistent,or resistant to breakdown,and can be biologically magnified.

Figure 14.5 -In the accompanying figure,how many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would survive if AIDS were eradicated?

Explain the following statement (quotation at the beginning of Chapter 15)made by the German scientist Paracelsus: "The dose makes the poison."

If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods,and certain wines,which category of chemical hazard is introduced into your system?

A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading,and killing about 150,000 people a year in India,China,and Russia.In order to control the spread of this disease,the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of society.

Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability

Science - Matter - and Energy

Ecosystems - What Are They and How Do They Work

Biodiversity and Evolution

Biodiversity - Species Interactions - and Population Control

The Human Population and Urbanization

Climate and Biodiversity

Sustaining Biodiversity - the Species Approach

Sustaining Biodiversity - the Ecosystem Approach

Food - Soil - and Pest Management

Water Resources and Water Pollution

Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals

Energy

Air Pollution Climate Change and Ozone Depletion

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Environmental Economics Politics and Worldviews

Filters

Exam 14: Environmental Hazards and Human Health

The process of using statistical methods to estimate potential harm from a particular hazard is called ____________________.

Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.

Discuss at least one of the factors that explains why most people do a poor job at evaluating risk.​

​We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____.

​Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours.

A basic principle of toxicology is that any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in a large enough quantity.

​The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____.

Laboratory-bred mice and rats are widely used for toxicity studies because their systems function generally similar to human systems.

Figure 14.11 -On the accompanying graph,explain what the designation LD50 means.

Figure 14.5 -In the accompanying figure,in what age range are females more likely to die from AIDS than males?

​What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer?

​A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n)____.

In the United States,the leading cause of preventable death is tobacco use.

​What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought?

​What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century?

​The chemical pesticide DDT is persistent,or resistant to breakdown,and can be biologically magnified.

Figure 14.5 -In the accompanying figure,how many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would survive if AIDS were eradicated?​

​Explain the following statement (quotation at the beginning of Chapter 15)made by the German scientist Paracelsus: "The dose makes the poison."

​If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods,and certain wines,which category of chemical hazard is introduced into your system?

​A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading,and killing about 150,000 people a year in India,China,and Russia.In order to control the spread of this disease,the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of society.

Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability

Science - Matter - and Energy

Ecosystems - What Are They and How Do They Work

Biodiversity and Evolution

Biodiversity - Species Interactions - and Population Control

The Human Population and Urbanization

Climate and Biodiversity

Sustaining Biodiversity - the Species Approach

Sustaining Biodiversity - the Ecosystem Approach

Food - Soil - and Pest Management

Water Resources and Water Pollution

Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals

Energy

Air Pollution Climate Change and Ozone Depletion

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Environmental Economics Politics and Worldviews

Filters

Discuss at least one of the factors that explains why most people do a poor job at evaluating risk.

We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____.

Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours.

The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____.

What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer?

A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n)____.

What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought?

What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century?

The chemical pesticide DDT is persistent,or resistant to breakdown,and can be biologically magnified.

Figure 14.5 -In the accompanying figure,how many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would survive if AIDS were eradicated?

Explain the following statement (quotation at the beginning of Chapter 15)made by the German scientist Paracelsus: "The dose makes the poison."

If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods,and certain wines,which category of chemical hazard is introduced into your system?

A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading,and killing about 150,000 people a year in India,China,and Russia.In order to control the spread of this disease,the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of society.