Question 1

Which of the following is a true statement about retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

A)  they contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase 
B)  it is able to carry out transcription of RNA to DNA 
C)  viral DNA remains in the host genome 
D)  can be hidden from the host immune system 
E)  All of the answer choices are true statements about the retroviruses. 
A)  they contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase 
B)  it is able to carry out transcription of RNA to DNA 
C)  viral DNA remains in the host genome 
D)  can be hidden from the host immune system 
E)  All of the answer choices are true statements about the retroviruses.

Question 2

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the first cell was probably made of nucleic acids. 
B)  it is possible to form protocells. 
C)  the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules. 
D)  atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin. 
E)  the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. 
A)  the first cell was probably made of nucleic acids. 
B)  it is possible to form protocells. 
C)  the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules. 
D)  atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin. 
E)  the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.

Question 3

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Accepted Answer

A)  rearrange the genes of the host to code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness. 
B)  carry the same genes as the host organism, causing them to be indistinguishable from the host cell. 
C)  carry the genes that code for virulent factors, causing them to be harmful to humans. 
D)  carry genes that allow them to become symbiotes. 
E)  carry the genes of organisms like birds (bird flu) or pigs (swine flu). 
A)  rearrange the genes of the host to code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness. 
B)  carry the same genes as the host organism, causing them to be indistinguishable from the host cell. 
C)  carry the genes that code for virulent factors, causing them to be harmful to humans. 
D)  carry genes that allow them to become symbiotes. 
E)  carry the genes of organisms like birds (bird flu) or pigs (swine flu).

Question 4

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

Accepted Answer

A)  cyanobacteria 
B)  anaerobic bacteria 
C)  archaea 
D)  heterotrophic 
E)  aerobic bacteria 
A)  cyanobacteria 
B)  anaerobic bacteria 
C)  archaea 
D)  heterotrophic 
E)  aerobic bacteria

Question 5

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

Accepted Answer

A)  inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. 
B)  have a special protein spike on its surface capsid that can interact with a receptor protein on the surface of the host cell. 
C)  actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus. 
D)  produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell. 
E)  have enzymes to break down the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell. 
A)  inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. 
B)  have a special protein spike on its surface capsid that can interact with a receptor protein on the surface of the host cell. 
C)  actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus. 
D)  produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell. 
E)  have enzymes to break down the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell.

Question 6

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria 
B)  fungi 
C)  algae 
D)  protozoans 
E)  viruses 
A)  bacteria 
B)  fungi 
C)  algae 
D)  protozoans 
E)  viruses

Question 7

Which of the following forms of energy is thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

A)  radioactivity 
B)  electrical energy 
C)  heat 
D)  radiation from the sun 
E)  All of the answer choices describe forms of energy that could have contributed to the production of large organic molecules on early Earth. 
A)  radioactivity 
B)  electrical energy 
C)  heat 
D)  radiation from the sun 
E)  All of the answer choices describe forms of energy that could have contributed to the production of large organic molecules on early Earth.

Question 8

Which hypothesis suggests that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aleksandr Oparin's coacervate theory 
B)  Stanley Miller's chemical soup theory 
C)  Sidney Fox's protein-first hypothesis 
D)  Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA hypothesis 
E)  Darwin's original theory of evolution, as written in Origin of Species 
A)  Aleksandr Oparin's coacervate theory 
B)  Stanley Miller's chemical soup theory 
C)  Sidney Fox's protein-first hypothesis 
D)  Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA hypothesis 
E)  Darwin's original theory of evolution, as written in Origin of Species

Question 9

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA directs protein synthesis and that information flows from

Accepted Answer

A)  protein → RNA → DNA. 
B)  protein → DNA → RNA. 
C)  RNA → protein → DNA. 
D)  RNA → DNA → protein. 
E)  DNA → RNA → protein. 
A)  protein → RNA → DNA. 
B)  protein → DNA → RNA. 
C)  RNA → protein → DNA. 
D)  RNA → DNA → protein. 
E)  DNA → RNA → protein.

Question 10

Most viruses are

Accepted Answer

A)  much smaller than bacteria. 
B)  usually more than 1 micron long. 
C)  larger than protists. 
D)  immeasurable. 
E)  single celled. 
A)  much smaller than bacteria. 
B)  usually more than 1 micron long. 
C)  larger than protists. 
D)  immeasurable. 
E)  single celled.

Question 11

One hypothesis suggests that protobionts were heterotrophs, organisms that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic molecules and nutrients.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

When small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  an arms race. 
B)  antigenic escape. 
C)  antibody migration. 
D)  antigenic drift. 
E)  spike reassortment. 
A)  an arms race. 
B)  antigenic escape. 
C)  antibody migration. 
D)  antigenic drift. 
E)  spike reassortment.

Question 13

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Archaea show the earliest form of photosynthetic ability. 
B)  Bacteria lack the peptidoglycan cell wall found in the archaea. 
C)  Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains. 
D)  Archaea have evolved far more advanced forms of metabolism than bacteria. 
E)  Archaea have very delicate plasma membranes compared to more durable bacteria. 
A)  Archaea show the earliest form of photosynthetic ability. 
B)  Bacteria lack the peptidoglycan cell wall found in the archaea. 
C)  Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains. 
D)  Archaea have evolved far more advanced forms of metabolism than bacteria. 
E)  Archaea have very delicate plasma membranes compared to more durable bacteria.

Question 14

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. 
B)  They reduce oxygen to an inorganic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. 
C)  They utilize photosynthesis to produce their own food. 
D)  They transfer electrons to sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfate. 
E)  All of the answer choices are descriptions of a chemoautotroph bacteria. 
A)  They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. 
B)  They reduce oxygen to an inorganic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. 
C)  They utilize photosynthesis to produce their own food. 
D)  They transfer electrons to sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfate. 
E)  All of the answer choices are descriptions of a chemoautotroph bacteria.

Exam 28: Microbiology

Which of the following is a true statement about retroviruses?

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

Which of the following forms of energy is thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Which hypothesis suggests that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time?

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA directs protein synthesis and that information flows from

Most viruses are

One hypothesis suggests that protobionts were heterotrophs, organisms that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic molecules and nutrients.

When small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

The Study of Life

The Molecules of Cells

Cell Structure and Function

Membrane Structure and Function

Cell Division

Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Plant Organization and Function

Plant Reproduction and Responses

Human Organization

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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Digestive System and Nutrition

Respiratory System

Urinary System and Excretion

Nervous System

Senses

Musculoskeletal System

Endocrine System

Reproductive System

Development and Aging

Patterns of Gene Inheritance

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Dna Structure and Gene Expression

Biotechnology and Genomics

Evolution of Life

Protists and Fungi

Plants

Animals: the Invertebrates

Animals: Chordates and Vertebrates

Behavioral Ecology

Population and Community Ecology

Nature of Ecosystems

Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere

Conservation Biology

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