Question 1

Which of the following descriptions of polyploidy indicate speciation?

Accepted Answer

A)  An accident during cell division results in an extra set of chromosomes. 
B)  An individual has more than two chromosome sets from a single species. 
C)  Two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. 
D)  Allopolyploids mate with each other but cannot interbreed with parent species. 
A)  An accident during cell division results in an extra set of chromosomes. 
B)  An individual has more than two chromosome sets from a single species. 
C)  Two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. 
D)  Allopolyploids mate with each other but cannot interbreed with parent species.

Question 2

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-Which of the following reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids?

Accepted Answer

A)  hybrid breakdown 
B)  hybrid inviability 
C)  hybrid sterility 
D)  temporal isolation 
E)  a geographic barrier 
A)  hybrid breakdown 
B)  hybrid inviability 
C)  hybrid sterility 
D)  temporal isolation 
E)  a geographic barrier

Question 3

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences.
-Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros?
1) improved gene flow
2) bottleneck effect
3) sexual selection
4) founder effect
5) natural selection

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 3 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  2 and 4 
D)  3 and 4 
E)  3 and 5 
A)  1 and 3 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  2 and 4 
D)  3 and 4 
E)  3 and 5

Question 4

The following question(s) refer to the evolutionary tree in Figure 22.4, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change.   Figure 22.4
-Which of these five species originated earliest and appeared suddenly in the fossil record?

Accepted Answer

A)  V 
B)  W 
C)  X 
D)  Y 
E)  Z 
A)  V 
B)  W 
C)  X 
D)  Y 
E)  Z

Question 5

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable?
1) sympatric species
2) prezygotic isolation
3) postzygotic isolation
4) allopatric species
5) habitat isolation
6) reduced hybrid fertility

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 2 
B)  2 and 4 
C)  1, 3, and 6 
D)  2, 4, and 5 
E)  1, 2, 5, and 6 
A)  1 and 2 
B)  2 and 4 
C)  1, 3, and 6 
D)  2, 4, and 5 
E)  1, 2, 5, and 6

Question 6

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, and others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago.
In Figure 22.1, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1-5), with 1 being the shallowest.   Figure 22.1
-In a hypothetical situation, the National Park Service, which administers Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, builds a footbridge over the Colorado River at the bottom of the canyon. The footbridge permits migration to occur between populations of two closely related antelope squirrels. Previously, one type of squirrel had been restricted to the terrain south of the river, and the other type had been restricted to terrain on the north side of the river. Immediately before and 10 years after the bridge's completion, researchers collected 10 antelope squirrels from both sides of the river, took blood samples, and collected frequencies of alleles unique to the two types of antelope squirrels (see the graphs in Figures 22.2 and 22.3).   Figure 22.2  
Figure 22.3
The data in these graphs indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  a hybrid zone was established after the completion of the bridge. 
B)  there was no migration between the two squirrel populations after the bridge was completed. 
C)  gene flow occurred from one type of squirrel into the gene pool of the other type of squirrel. 
D)  two-way migration of squirrels occurred across the bridge, but without hybridization. 
E)  some northern squirrels migrated south, but no southern squirrels migrated north across the bridge. 
A)  a hybrid zone was established after the completion of the bridge. 
B)  there was no migration between the two squirrel populations after the bridge was completed. 
C)  gene flow occurred from one type of squirrel into the gene pool of the other type of squirrel. 
D)  two-way migration of squirrels occurred across the bridge, but without hybridization. 
E)  some northern squirrels migrated south, but no southern squirrels migrated north across the bridge.

Question 7

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which of the following terms applies (apply)?
I. macroevolution
II allopatric speciation
III. sympatric speciation

Accepted Answer

A)  I only 
B)  II only 
C)  I and II 
D)  I and III 
A)  I only 
B)  II only 
C)  I and II 
D)  I and III

Question 8

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. 
B)  an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. 
C)  a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. 
D)  a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. 
E)  an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow. 
A)  an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. 
B)  an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. 
C)  a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. 
D)  a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. 
E)  an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

Question 9

Sexual selection in cichlids occurs by female mate choice and results in reproductive isolation when

Accepted Answer

A)  subpopulations exploit a habitat not used by the parent population. 
B)  under normal light, each species prefers males of their own species. 
C)  all species have extra sets of chromosomes. 
D)  under orange light, each species prefers orange mates. 
A)  subpopulations exploit a habitat not used by the parent population. 
B)  under normal light, each species prefers males of their own species. 
C)  all species have extra sets of chromosomes. 
D)  under orange light, each species prefers orange mates.

Question 10

Mechanism of macroevolution works by

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple acts of speciation on an ancestral organism. 
B)  continuation of gene flow between populations. 
C)  weakening of barriers to reproductive isolation. 
D)  appearing in the fossil record of species with similar morphologies. 
A)  multiple acts of speciation on an ancestral organism. 
B)  continuation of gene flow between populations. 
C)  weakening of barriers to reproductive isolation. 
D)  appearing in the fossil record of species with similar morphologies.

Question 11

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences.
-What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond?

Accepted Answer

A)  Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. 
B)  Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. 
C)  Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. 
D)  Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond. 
A)  Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. 
B)  Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. 
C)  Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. 
D)  Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond.

Question 12

A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species?

Accepted Answer

A)  Such alleles should be absent. 
B)  Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. 
C)  The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there. 
D)  Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should be roughly equal to their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone. 
A)  Such alleles should be absent. 
B)  Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. 
C)  The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there. 
D)  Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should be roughly equal to their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.

Question 13

According to the punctuated equilibria model,

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. 
B)  given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. 
C)  most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. 
D)  most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. 
A)  natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. 
B)  given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. 
C)  most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. 
D)  most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.

Question 14

Among known plant species, which of these are the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species?
1) allopatric speciation
2) sympatric speciation
3) sexual selection
4) polyploidy

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 3 
B)  1 and 4 
C)  2 and 3 
D)  2 and 4 
A)  1 and 3 
B)  1 and 4 
C)  2 and 3 
D)  2 and 4

Question 15

"Conventional wisdom holds that the development of separate species happens quickly, most often when populations become separated by a geographical barrier." This is called ________ speciation. "Even if these groups meet again and manage to mate before diverging too far from one another, their offspring will be unfit and die out." This is described as hybrid ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sympatric; viability 
B)  allopatric; fertility 
C)  sympatric; breakdown 
D)  allopatric; breakdown 
A)  sympatric; viability 
B)  allopatric; fertility 
C)  sympatric; breakdown 
D)  allopatric; breakdown

Question 16

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, and others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago.
In Figure 22.1, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1-5), with 1 being the shallowest.   Figure 22.1
-In which habitat should one find snapping shrimp most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4?

Accepted Answer

A)  A3 
B)  A5 
C)  B4 
D)  either A3 or A5 
E)  any species from any one of the side A habitats 
A)  A3 
B)  A5 
C)  B4 
D)  either A3 or A5 
E)  any species from any one of the side A habitats

Question 17

Which species concept occurs in the presence of gene flow?

Accepted Answer

A)  morphological 
B)  biological 
C)  ecological 
D)  phylogenetic 
A)  morphological 
B)  biological 
C)  ecological 
D)  phylogenetic

Question 18

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  mechanical isolation 
C)  hybrid breakdown 
D)  reduced hybrid viability 
A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  mechanical isolation 
C)  hybrid breakdown 
D)  reduced hybrid viability

Question 19

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea

Accepted Answer

A)  descended from a now-extinct non-African fruit fly. 
B)  arrived on the island before D. yakuba. 
C)  descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events. 
D)  descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members.. 
A)  descended from a now-extinct non-African fruit fly. 
B)  arrived on the island before D. yakuba. 
C)  descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events. 
D)  descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members..

Question 20

More species are found on subdivided areas due to

Accepted Answer

A)  geographic isolation. 
B)  absence of geographic isolation. 
C)  gene flow. 
D)  gene drift. 
A)  geographic isolation. 
B)  absence of geographic isolation. 
C)  gene flow. 
D)  gene drift.

Exam 22: The Origin of Species

Which of the following descriptions of polyploidy indicate speciation?

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

Sexual selection in cichlids occurs by female mate choice and results in reproductive isolation when

Mechanism of macroevolution works by

A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species?

According to the punctuated equilibria model,

Among known plant species, which of these are the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1) allopatric speciation 2) sympatric speciation 3) sexual selection 4) polyploidy

Which species concept occurs in the presence of gene flow?

More species are found on subdivided areas due to

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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