Question 1

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. 
C)  percent of blood volume made up of platelets. 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. 
E)  number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood. 
A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. 
C)  percent of blood volume made up of platelets. 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. 
E)  number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.

Question 2

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

Accepted Answer

A)  the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. 
B)  the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. 
C)  the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. 
D)  the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. 
E)  the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary. 
A)  the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. 
B)  the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. 
C)  the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. 
D)  the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. 
E)  the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.

Question 3

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Accepted Answer

A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin is bound to sodium ions. 
A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin is bound to sodium ions.

Question 4

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

Accepted Answer

A)  water is less dense than air. 
B)  water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume. 
C)  gills have less surface area than lungs. 
D)  gills allow only unidirectional transport. 
E)  gills collapse in air. 
A)  water is less dense than air. 
B)  water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume. 
C)  gills have less surface area than lungs. 
D)  gills allow only unidirectional transport. 
E)  gills collapse in air.

Question 5

Dialysis is the process of filtering the blood; it is performed when kidney function is below normal. During dialysis, plasma and its proteins are separated from the cells. Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, and then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

Accepted Answer

A)  even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B)  many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C)  dialysis removes blood proteins, and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D)  dialysis is likely to cause edema, and such swelling must be controlled. 
E)  reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain. 
A)  even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B)  many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C)  dialysis removes blood proteins, and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D)  dialysis is likely to cause edema, and such swelling must be controlled. 
E)  reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.

Question 6

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute. 
A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute.

Question 7

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B)  the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemoglobin concentration. 
D)  temperature. 
E)  pH. 
A)  the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B)  the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemoglobin concentration. 
D)  temperature. 
E)  pH.

Question 8

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

Accepted Answer

A)  100 mm Hg. 
B)  127 mm Hg. 
C)  151 mm Hg. 
D)  182 mm Hg. 
E)  219 mm Hg. 
A)  100 mm Hg. 
B)  127 mm Hg. 
C)  151 mm Hg. 
D)  182 mm Hg. 
E)  219 mm Hg.

Question 9

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A)  the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B)  the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. 
A)  the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B)  the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Question 10

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D)  increased diffusion of CO₂. 
E)  increased diffusion of Hb. 
A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D)  increased diffusion of CO₂. 
E)  increased diffusion of Hb.

Question 11

An increase from pH 7.1 to pH 7.5 around hemoglobin causes

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules. 
B)  an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules. 
C)  hemoglobin to denature. 
D)  an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin. 
E)  hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules. 
A)  hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules. 
B)  an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules. 
C)  hemoglobin to denature. 
D)  an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin. 
E)  hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.

Question 12

Circulatory systems compensate for

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature. 
A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature.

Question 13

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

Accepted Answer

A)  trachea. 
B)  larynx. 
C)  bronchi. 
D)  bronchioles. 
E)  alveoli. 
A)  trachea. 
B)  larynx. 
C)  bronchi. 
D)  bronchioles. 
E)  alveoli.

Question 14

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas-exchange surface because

Accepted Answer

A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without the need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. 
A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without the need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

Question 15

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Accepted Answer

A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  eating a meal. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion. 
A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  eating a meal. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.

Question 16

What is the approximate oxygen saturation percentage of bar-headed goose hemoglobin on top of Mount Everest?

Accepted Answer

A)  70% 
B)  80% 
C)  90% 
D)  100% 
A)  70% 
B)  80% 
C)  90% 
D)  100%

Question 17

At what point in the following figure would blood velocity be lowest?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 18

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine. 
B)  fibrin. 
C)  thrombin. 
D)  prothrombin. 
E)  collagen. 
A)  epinephrine. 
B)  fibrin. 
C)  thrombin. 
D)  prothrombin. 
E)  collagen.

Question 19

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

Accepted Answer

A)  converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. 
B)  bound to hemoglobin. 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma. 
A)  converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. 
B)  bound to hemoglobin. 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma.

Question 20

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  sodium. 
A)  nitrogen. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  sodium.

Exam 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

An increase from pH 7.1 to pH 7.5 around hemoglobin causes

Circulatory systems compensate for

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas-exchange surface because

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is

What is the approximate oxygen saturation percentage of bar-headed goose hemoglobin on top of Mount Everest?

At what point in the following figure would blood velocity be lowest?

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

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Ecosystems and Energy

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