Question 1

Describe the changes in reward mechanisms that modulate the early reinforcing effects of drugs versus the later compulsive aspect of drug taking.

Accepted Answer

Acute drug administration activates the

Question 2

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ refers to a compulsion to take...

Question 3

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

Accepted Answer

A)  intravenous self-administration 
B)  the homeostasis model 
C)  incentive salience conditioning 
D)  the reinstatement model 
E)  the rapid acquisition model 
A)  intravenous self-administration 
B)  the homeostasis model 
C)  incentive salience conditioning 
D)  the reinstatement model 
E)  the rapid acquisition model

Question 4

Some ________ percent of persons who smoke as adolescents through adulthood will die of a smoking-related disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some ________ percent of persons who smoke...

Question 5

All natural reinforcers that have been studied to date cause the release of ______________ in the nucleus accumbens.

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine 
B)  norepinephrine 
C)  serotonin 
D)  epinephrine 
E)  cortisol 
A)  dopamine 
B)  norepinephrine 
C)  serotonin 
D)  epinephrine 
E)  cortisol

Question 6

A drug that affects the GABA and glutamate systems is

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol. 
B)  marijuana. 
C)  LSD. 
D)  cocaine. 
E)  nicotine. 
A)  alcohol. 
B)  marijuana. 
C)  LSD. 
D)  cocaine. 
E)  nicotine.

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding substance abuse is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Drugs of abuse cause inhibition of synapses in the ventral tegmental area. 
B)  Drugs of abuse promote changes in the ventral tegmental area that result in the insertion of AMPA receptors, which facilitate learning. 
C)  Drugs result in inhibition of the dorsal striatum. 
D)  Drug habits are difficult to form. 
E)  Drug habits are typically easy to quit. 
A)  Drugs of abuse cause inhibition of synapses in the ventral tegmental area. 
B)  Drugs of abuse promote changes in the ventral tegmental area that result in the insertion of AMPA receptors, which facilitate learning. 
C)  Drugs result in inhibition of the dorsal striatum. 
D)  Drug habits are difficult to form. 
E)  Drug habits are typically easy to quit.

Question 8

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine 
B)  glycine 
C)  caffeine 
D)  LSD 
E)  GABA antagonists 
A)  alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine 
B)  glycine 
C)  caffeine 
D)  LSD 
E)  GABA antagonists

Question 9

Which of the following is true of cocaine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crack cocaine may be the most effective reinforcer of all available drugs. 
B)  Cocaine produces the same physical and behavioral effects as heroin. 
C)  Cocaine abuse causes strong physical dependence. 
D)  Cocaine is the least addictive of the psychostimulant drugs. 
E)  Cocaine is a dopamine antagonist. 
A)  Crack cocaine may be the most effective reinforcer of all available drugs. 
B)  Cocaine produces the same physical and behavioral effects as heroin. 
C)  Cocaine abuse causes strong physical dependence. 
D)  Cocaine is the least addictive of the psychostimulant drugs. 
E)  Cocaine is a dopamine antagonist.

Question 10

When a drug user experiences withdrawal symptoms and takes the drug to alleviate those symptoms, this is

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
E)  punishment. 
A)  negative punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
E)  punishment.

Question 11

Drugs are reinforcing when

Accepted Answer

A)  they cause good feelings. 
B)  there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset. 
C)  the drug onset is slow and steady. 
D)  they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism. 
E)  the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action. 
A)  they cause good feelings. 
B)  there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset. 
C)  the drug onset is slow and steady. 
D)  they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism. 
E)  the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action.

Question 12

Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express

Accepted Answer

A)  an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. 
B)  fewer kappa receptors in the forebrain. 
C)  more mu receptors in the forebrain. 
D)  an attraction to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. 
E)  more consumption of water in the home cage. 
A)  an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. 
B)  fewer kappa receptors in the forebrain. 
C)  more mu receptors in the forebrain. 
D)  an attraction to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. 
E)  more consumption of water in the home cage.

Question 13

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem. 
B)  activating dopamine receptors within the VTA. 
C)  loosening inhibitions. 
D)  activating a hypothalamic satiety mechanism. 
E)  relieving anxiety. 
A)  stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem. 
B)  activating dopamine receptors within the VTA. 
C)  loosening inhibitions. 
D)  activating a hypothalamic satiety mechanism. 
E)  relieving anxiety.

Question 14

A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by

Accepted Answer

A)  injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. 
B)  injection of a dopamine agonist into the nucleus accumbens. 
C)  glutamate induced activation of the ventral tegmental area. 
D)  injection of a dopamine agonist into the prefrontal cortex. 
E)  injection of glycine into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. 
A)  injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. 
B)  injection of a dopamine agonist into the nucleus accumbens. 
C)  glutamate induced activation of the ventral tegmental area. 
D)  injection of a dopamine agonist into the prefrontal cortex. 
E)  injection of glycine into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Question 15

Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving?

Accepted Answer

A)  A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. 
B)  A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. 
C)  A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. 
D)  A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." 
E)  An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding. 
A)  A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. 
B)  A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. 
C)  A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. 
D)  A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." 
E)  An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding.

Question 16

Research using antagonist-precipitated withdrawal indicates that the ________ plays a key role in producing opiate withdrawal symptoms.

Accepted Answer

A)  amygdala 
B)  orbitofrontal cortex 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  locus coeruleus 
E)  reticular formation 
A)  amygdala 
B)  orbitofrontal cortex 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  locus coeruleus 
E)  reticular formation

Question 17

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

Accepted Answer

A)  damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. 
B)  an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. 
C)  facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors. 
D)  release of GABA within the cerebellum. 
E)  more long-term potentiation within the cortex. 
A)  damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. 
B)  an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. 
C)  facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors. 
D)  release of GABA within the cerebellum. 
E)  more long-term potentiation within the cortex.

Question 18

A person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from

Accepted Answer

A)  opiate abuse. 
B)  a chemical imbalance involving the dopamine system. 
C)  damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. 
D)  excessive use of caffeine. 
E)  excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine. 
A)  opiate abuse. 
B)  a chemical imbalance involving the dopamine system. 
C)  damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. 
D)  excessive use of caffeine. 
E)  excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine.

Question 19

Neurons within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex facilitate drug ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neurons within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex...

Question 20

The most effective reinforcer of all available drugs of abuse is ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most effective reinforcer of all available...

Describe the changes in reward mechanisms that modulate the early reinforcing effects of drugs versus the later compulsive aspect of drug taking.

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

Some ________ percent of persons who smoke as adolescents through adulthood will die of a smoking-related disease.

All natural reinforcers that have been studied to date cause the release of ______________ in the nucleus accumbens.

A drug that affects the GABA and glutamate systems is

Which of the following statements regarding substance abuse is most accurate?

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Which of the following is true of cocaine?

When a drug user experiences withdrawal symptoms and takes the drug to alleviate those symptoms, this is

Drugs are reinforcing when

Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by

Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving?

Research using antagonist-precipitated withdrawal indicates that the ________ plays a key role in producing opiate withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

A person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from

Neurons within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex facilitate drug ________.

The most effective reinforcer of all available drugs of abuse is ________.

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Control of Movement

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Filters

Exam 18: Substance Abuse

Describe the changes in reward mechanisms that modulate the early reinforcing effects of drugs versus the later compulsive aspect of drug taking.

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

Some ________ percent of persons who smoke as adolescents through adulthood will die of a smoking-related disease.

All natural reinforcers that have been studied to date cause the release of ______________ in the nucleus accumbens.

A drug that affects the GABA and glutamate systems is

Which of the following statements regarding substance abuse is most accurate?

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Which of the following is true of cocaine?

When a drug user experiences withdrawal symptoms and takes the drug to alleviate those symptoms, this is

Drugs are reinforcing when

Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by

Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving?

Research using antagonist-precipitated withdrawal indicates that the ________ plays a key role in producing opiate withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

A person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from

Neurons within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex facilitate drug ________.

The most effective reinforcer of all available drugs of abuse is ________.

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Control of Movement

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Filters