Question 1

The most complex and the most common body form of sponges is found in the

Accepted Answer

A)  asconoids. 
B)  leuconoids. 
C)  syconoids.
Leuconoid sponges include the largest, most common, and most complex sponges. 
A)  asconoids. 
B)  leuconoids. 
C)  syconoids.
Leuconoid sponges include the largest, most common, and most complex sponges. B

Question 2

The extracellular matrix found in sponges is

Accepted Answer

A)  spongin. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  pinacoderm. 
D)  mesohyl or mesenchyme.
The gelatinous extracellular matrix, called mesohyle or mesenchyme, contains fibrils, skeletal elements and ameboid cells. 
A)  spongin. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  pinacoderm. 
D)  mesohyl or mesenchyme.
The gelatinous extracellular matrix, called mesohyle or mesenchyme, contains fibrils, skeletal elements and ameboid cells. D

Question 3

About 80% of particulate organic carbon in the marine environment is in the form of the smallest particles that sponges can consume,and phagocytosis of these particles is carried out by the ____________.
Choanocytes create water currents and filter particulate food matter from the water.

Accepted Answer

choanocytes

Question 4

The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a

Accepted Answer

A)  bud. 
B)  gemmule. 
C)  apopyle. 
D)  parenchymula. 
E)  plasmodium.
Parenchymula larvae are free-swimming larval stages found in the development of most sponges. Gemmules are internal buds found in freshwater sponges and some marine sponges. 
A)  bud. 
B)  gemmule. 
C)  apopyle. 
D)  parenchymula. 
E)  plasmodium.
Parenchymula larvae are free-swimming larval stages found in the development of most sponges. Gemmules are internal buds found in freshwater sponges and some marine sponges.

Question 5

Molecular data support the hypotheses that metazoans have a single origin or are _________________.
Sponges are monophyletic. They arose from a single common ancestor. All other animals comprise a sister group to the sponges.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Molecular data support the hypotheses that metazoans...

Question 6

The flagellated cells embedded in the mesohyl of a sponge are called ___________________.
Choanocytes line the spongocoel and flagellated chambers of sponges. They propel water through a sponge and filter food from the water.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The flagellated cells embedded in the mesohyl...

Question 7

Internal buds of freshwater sponges that can withstand adverse conditions are ____________________.
Gemmules are found in freshwater and a few marine sponges. They are internal buds that withstand harsh environmental conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Internal buds of freshwater sponges that can...

Question 8

All digestion in sponges is intracellular and is carried out by the ____________________.
Choanocytes pass filtered food to archeocytes,which digest the food intracellularly.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All digestion in sponges is intracellular and...

Question 9

Describe the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera. Which of those characteristics support the contention that the sponges are the basal group of the Animal kingdom?

Accepted Answer

The Phylum Porifera, also known as spong

Question 10

Explain the unique attributes of hexactinellids as compared to other sponges.

Accepted Answer

Hexactinellids, also known as glass spon

Question 11

Which one of the following statements regarding metazoan origins is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Origin of the metazoa has been clearly elucidated and involves ancestry from a colonial flagellate stock. 
B)  Metazoans are derived twice. One lineage involves a colonial flagellate stock, and the other lineage involves placozoan-like ancestors. 
C)  Metazoans arose from a multinucleate ciliate where cell boundaries eventually formed around each nucleus. 
D)  Placozoans may be similar to the single ancestral state. Features like their small nuclear genome and their large mitochondrial genome are features that may be derived from a common ancestor shared with some animal outgroups.
The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the Placozoa suggest ancestry with animal outgroups. 
A)  Origin of the metazoa has been clearly elucidated and involves ancestry from a colonial flagellate stock. 
B)  Metazoans are derived twice. One lineage involves a colonial flagellate stock, and the other lineage involves placozoan-like ancestors. 
C)  Metazoans arose from a multinucleate ciliate where cell boundaries eventually formed around each nucleus. 
D)  Placozoans may be similar to the single ancestral state. Features like their small nuclear genome and their large mitochondrial genome are features that may be derived from a common ancestor shared with some animal outgroups.
The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the Placozoa suggest ancestry with animal outgroups.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT found in at least some sponges?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spicules of calcium carbonate 
B)  Spicules of silica 
C)  Spicules of fibrous protein 
D)  Spongin, a fibrous protein
Skeletal elements of sponges include calcareous and siliceous spicules and the protein, spongin. 
A)  Spicules of calcium carbonate 
B)  Spicules of silica 
C)  Spicules of fibrous protein 
D)  Spongin, a fibrous protein
Skeletal elements of sponges include calcareous and siliceous spicules and the protein, spongin.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sponges lack nerve fibers 
B)  Sponges lack fully developed muscle fibers 
C)  Ameboid cells capture food particles from the water 
D)  Sponges reproduce asexually by budding or by regeneration from a small piece 
E)  If a sponge is fragmented and cells dissociate, cells undergo somatic embryogenesis and clumps of cells can form a new organism
Choanocytes create water currents, capture food, and pass food on to ameboid cells. 
A)  Sponges lack nerve fibers 
B)  Sponges lack fully developed muscle fibers 
C)  Ameboid cells capture food particles from the water 
D)  Sponges reproduce asexually by budding or by regeneration from a small piece 
E)  If a sponge is fragmented and cells dissociate, cells undergo somatic embryogenesis and clumps of cells can form a new organism
Choanocytes create water currents, capture food, and pass food on to ameboid cells.

Question 14

There are a few marine sponges that are large enough that a small person could crawl inside.Would you have to worry about your tissues being digested?

Accepted Answer

Marine sponges, known scientifically as

Question 15

Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spongin are

Accepted Answer

A)  collencytes. 
B)  sclerocytes. 
C)  choanocytes. 
D)  spongocytes. 
E)  lophocytes.
Spongocytes are archeocytes specialized for secreting spongin. 
A)  collencytes. 
B)  sclerocytes. 
C)  choanocytes. 
D)  spongocytes. 
E)  lophocytes.
Spongocytes are archeocytes specialized for secreting spongin.

Question 16

If a sponge is fragmented and cells are dissociated from one another,the cells will

Accepted Answer

A)  reproduce sexually. 
B)  die from being separated. 
C)  form spicules in the pattern of the cloth. 
D)  reorganize their structure and function, and clumps of isolated cells will form a new sponge.
Sponges have remarkable powers of regeneration from fragments of an organism and can undergo somatic embryogenesis when cells are dissociated into clumps of cells. 
A)  reproduce sexually. 
B)  die from being separated. 
C)  form spicules in the pattern of the cloth. 
D)  reorganize their structure and function, and clumps of isolated cells will form a new sponge.
Sponges have remarkable powers of regeneration from fragments of an organism and can undergo somatic embryogenesis when cells are dissociated into clumps of cells.

Question 17

The simplest body plan of sponges is ____________,and the plan characterized by flagellated canals is leuconoids.
Simple vase-like asconoid sponges are the simplest sponges.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The simplest body plan of sponges is...

Question 18

Placozoans

Accepted Answer

A)  are flat, plate-like animals with no symmetry. 
B)  are probably advanced mesozoans. 
C)  have calcareous spicules. 
D)  have three germ layers.
Placozoans lack symmetry and any organs, muscular, and nervous tissues. Their dorsal and ventral epithelial layers may be ectodermal and endodermal tissue layers, thus some zoologists consider placozoans to be diplobastic. 
A)  are flat, plate-like animals with no symmetry. 
B)  are probably advanced mesozoans. 
C)  have calcareous spicules. 
D)  have three germ layers.
Placozoans lack symmetry and any organs, muscular, and nervous tissues. Their dorsal and ventral epithelial layers may be ectodermal and endodermal tissue layers, thus some zoologists consider placozoans to be diplobastic.

Question 19

The structural protein found in all sponges is

Accepted Answer

A)  elastin. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  gorgonin. 
D)  spiculin. 
E)  None of the choices are correct
Collagen is a connective protein common to all sponges. 
A)  elastin. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  gorgonin. 
D)  spiculin. 
E)  None of the choices are correct
Collagen is a connective protein common to all sponges.

Question 20

The sponges date back to

Accepted Answer

A)  the Devonian period or "age of fishes." 
B)  the early time of anaerobic prokaryotes. 
C)  the Cambrian period and probably earlier. 
D)  the time of the first prokaryotes but the sponges left no fossil evidence for lack of hard parts.
Ancestral members of the phylum Porifera arose at least by the early Cambrian period and probably into Precambrian times. Later evolution resulted in diversification into the classes present today. 
A)  the Devonian period or "age of fishes." 
B)  the early time of anaerobic prokaryotes. 
C)  the Cambrian period and probably earlier. 
D)  the time of the first prokaryotes but the sponges left no fossil evidence for lack of hard parts.
Ancestral members of the phylum Porifera arose at least by the early Cambrian period and probably into Precambrian times. Later evolution resulted in diversification into the classes present today.

Exam 12: Sponges and Placozoans

The most complex and the most common body form of sponges is found in the

The extracellular matrix found in sponges is

About 80% of particulate organic carbon in the marine environment is in the form of the smallest particles that sponges can consume,and phagocytosis of these particles is carried out by the ____________. Choanocytes create water currents and filter particulate food matter from the water.

The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a

Molecular data support the hypotheses that metazoans have a single origin or are _________________. Sponges are monophyletic. They arose from a single common ancestor. All other animals comprise a sister group to the sponges.

The flagellated cells embedded in the mesohyl of a sponge are called ___________________. Choanocytes line the spongocoel and flagellated chambers of sponges. They propel water through a sponge and filter food from the water.

Internal buds of freshwater sponges that can withstand adverse conditions are ____________________. Gemmules are found in freshwater and a few marine sponges. They are internal buds that withstand harsh environmental conditions.

All digestion in sponges is intracellular and is carried out by the ____________________. Choanocytes pass filtered food to archeocytes,which digest the food intracellularly.

Describe the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera. Which of those characteristics support the contention that the sponges are the basal group of the Animal kingdom?

Explain the unique attributes of hexactinellids as compared to other sponges.

Which one of the following statements regarding metazoan origins is true?

Which of the following is NOT found in at least some sponges?

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?

There are a few marine sponges that are large enough that a small person could crawl inside.Would you have to worry about your tissues being digested?

Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spongin are

If a sponge is fragmented and cells are dissociated from one another,the cells will

The simplest body plan of sponges is ____________,and the plan characterized by flagellated canals is leuconoids. Simple vase-like asconoid sponges are the simplest sponges.

Placozoans

The structural protein found in all sponges is

The sponges date back to

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