Question 1

In understanding the problems with attempts at human racial classification,why is it important to know the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

A)  The phenotypic traits typically used to classify humans into races go together as genetic units. 
B)  Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis. 
C)  Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles. 
D)  Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time. 
E)  Attempts at human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways. 
A)  The phenotypic traits typically used to classify humans into races go together as genetic units. 
B)  Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis. 
C)  Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles. 
D)  Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time. 
E)  Attempts at human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways.

Question 2

Human biological differences are evident only to individuals who wrongfully sustain the validity of human races.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world would indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  all cultures classify races similarly. 
B)  the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process. 
C)  classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits. 
D)  classifying racial types can best be done by considering only genotype. 
E)  the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype. 
A)  all cultures classify races similarly. 
B)  the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process. 
C)  classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits. 
D)  classifying racial types can best be done by considering only genotype. 
E)  the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype.

Question 4

Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept,anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variations.

Accepted Answer

The statement is not entirely accurate.

Question 5

Populations living at high altitudes have all developed similar biological and cultural adaptations to hypoxic conditions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In the early twentieth century,anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America.He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics.His findings underscore the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. 
B)  though the environment influences phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences. 
C)  diet affects which genes get turned off and which on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic. 
D)  describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations. 
E)  observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in genotype and phenotype. 
A)  phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. 
B)  though the environment influences phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences. 
C)  diet affects which genes get turned off and which on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic. 
D)  describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations. 
E)  observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in genotype and phenotype.

Question 7

Humanity (Homo sapiens)lacks distinct races because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Recent DNA analysis of Australian Aborigines has revealed that their ancestors branched off from ancestral Europeans and Asians 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.This research indicates

Accepted Answer

A)  Aborigines developed a dark skin color independently from Africans. 
B)  Australian Aborigines are direct descendants of the first modern humans to leave Africa. 
C)  Aboriginal Australians have a more recent population history than Europeans. 
D)  Aborigines maintained regular contact with people from other continents. 
E)  Ancestral Aborigines had cultural but not genetic isolation. 
A)  Aborigines developed a dark skin color independently from Africans. 
B)  Australian Aborigines are direct descendants of the first modern humans to leave Africa. 
C)  Aboriginal Australians have a more recent population history than Europeans. 
D)  Aborigines maintained regular contact with people from other continents. 
E)  Ancestral Aborigines had cultural but not genetic isolation.

Question 9

In theory,a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species.Humanity (Homo sapiens)lacks such races because

Accepted Answer

A)  although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep. 
B)  human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that of dogs and roses. 
C)  human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups. 
D)  they are politically incorrect. 
E)  humans are less genetically predictable than animals and plants susceptible to domestication. 
A)  although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep. 
B)  human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that of dogs and roses. 
C)  human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups. 
D)  they are politically incorrect. 
E)  humans are less genetically predictable than animals and plants susceptible to domestication.

Question 10

What is the difference between phenotypic adaptation and genetic adaptation? What role does each play in human evolution?

Accepted Answer

Phenotypic adaptation and genetic adapta

Question 11

This chapter's discussion of lactose tolerance highlights how genes and phenotypic adaptation can work together to produce human biological diversity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Rickets is caused by an overabundance of vitamin D in the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Genes and phenotypic adaptation work together to produce a biochemical difference between human groups in the ability to digest large amounts of milk.This is an adaptive advantage when

Accepted Answer

A)  herding societies shift to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. 
B)  mothers cannot wean their children from breast milk after they turn one year old. 
C)  other foods are scarce and milk is available, as it is in herding societies. 
D)  there is not enough lactose in the diet. 
E)  lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose, is not produced in enough quantities to keep up with dietary intake. 
A)  herding societies shift to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. 
B)  mothers cannot wean their children from breast milk after they turn one year old. 
C)  other foods are scarce and milk is available, as it is in herding societies. 
D)  there is not enough lactose in the diet. 
E)  lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose, is not produced in enough quantities to keep up with dietary intake.

Question 14

Biological races have been scientifically discredited in their application not just to humans but to all living species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Why do differences in skin pigmentation exist around the world?

Accepted Answer

Differences in skin pigmentation around

Question 16

What is the term for a gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  cline 
B)  genotype 
C)  phenotype 
D)  cluster 
E)  allele 
A)  cline 
B)  genotype 
C)  phenotype 
D)  cluster 
E)  allele

Question 17

The Columbian exchange was a crucial early form of globalization that led to the exchange of people,products,and pathogens between the Old and New Worlds.How does globalization remain an important component in the modern spread of disease? What are some present-day examples? How have humans adapted to the negative consequences of globalization?

Accepted Answer

Globalization remains an important compo

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a discredited concept in biology. 
B)  It is based on the Western science of genetics. 
C)  It is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles. 
D)  It does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups. 
E)  It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neander Valley in Germany. 
A)  It is a discredited concept in biology. 
B)  It is based on the Western science of genetics. 
C)  It is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles. 
D)  It does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups. 
E)  It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neander Valley in Germany.

Question 19

In the case of skin color,natural selection is no longer active today,thanks to human cultural adaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environment one lives in.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D. This confers an adaptive advantage in environments with excessive sun exposure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: Human Variation and Adaptation

In understanding the problems with attempts at human racial classification,why is it important to know the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Human biological differences are evident only to individuals who wrongfully sustain the validity of human races.

An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world would indicate that

Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept,anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variations.

Populations living at high altitudes have all developed similar biological and cultural adaptations to hypoxic conditions.

In the early twentieth century,anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America.He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics.His findings underscore the fact that

Humanity (Homo sapiens)lacks distinct races because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups.

Recent DNA analysis of Australian Aborigines has revealed that their ancestors branched off from ancestral Europeans and Asians 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.This research indicates

In theory,a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species.Humanity (Homo sapiens)lacks such races because

What is the difference between phenotypic adaptation and genetic adaptation? What role does each play in human evolution?

This chapter's discussion of lactose tolerance highlights how genes and phenotypic adaptation can work together to produce human biological diversity.

Rickets is caused by an overabundance of vitamin D in the body.

Genes and phenotypic adaptation work together to produce a biochemical difference between human groups in the ability to digest large amounts of milk.This is an adaptive advantage when

Biological races have been scientifically discredited in their application not just to humans but to all living species.

Why do differences in skin pigmentation exist around the world?

What is the term for a gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations?

Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is true?

In the case of skin color,natural selection is no longer active today,thanks to human cultural adaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environment one lives in.

Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D. This confers an adaptive advantage in environments with excessive sun exposure.

What Is Anthropology

Culture

Applying Anthropology

Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology

Evolution and Genetics

The Primates

Early Hominins

Archaic Homo

The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans

The First Farmers

The First Cities and States

Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology

Language and Communication

Ethnicity and Race

Making a Living

Political Systems

Gender

Families, Kinship, and Descent

Marriage

Religion

Arts, Media, and Sports

The World System and Colonialism

Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World

Filters