Exam 8: Police and Constitutional Law

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The U.S.Supreme Court developed the stop-and-frisk exception,whereby a police officer can pat down a suspicious person without a warrant,in the landmark case of

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____________________ are examinations of and hunts for evidence that intrude upon people's reasonable expectations of privacy.

(Short Answer)
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If an individual voluntarily stops to speak with an officer,he has not been "seized" because he is free to move along whenever he chooses.

(True/False)
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Do the constitutional rights of citizens "tie the hands" of police investigation to a significant degree? Defend your position with concepts from the text.

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The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in _______________ that when officers act in good faith reliance on computerized records concerning outstanding warrants,evidence found in a search incident to arrest is admissible,even if the arrest was based on an erroneous record that wrongly indicated the existence of a warrant.

(Short Answer)
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In what circumstance is the totality of circumstances test used?

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Explain the Miranda warnings and their significance.Are there situations in which they do not apply?

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Court decisions have established that police dogs that sniff luggage in public places are not conducting searches and therefore are not subject to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment.

(True/False)
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Detective Omara is working on an active sexual assault case.She recently received DNA results from the lab.The results specifically pinpoint the person of interest as the suspect.Detective Omara has obtained an arrest warrant and is hoping that the suspect will give a full confession.Detective Omara is going to take the suspect into custody,where the suspect will be held against his will.Detective Omara must inform the suspect of his right to have an attorney present during the interrogation.The U.S.Supreme Court guaranteed this right in

(Multiple Choice)
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In Terry v.Ohio (1968),the Supreme Court created an exception for ____________________.

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The ____________________ permits officers to notice and use as evidence the items that are visible to them.

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When an urgent situation of significant social importance outweighs the necessity of respecting individuals' rights,this is referred to as the _______ exception.

(Multiple Choice)
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During a traffic stop,officers can order passengers as well as the driver to exit the vehicle even if there is no basis for _______ that the passengers are engaged in any wrongdoing.

(Short Answer)
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Officer Goldman responds to a call of an active shooter during a home invasion at a local residence.Officer Goldman arrives on the scene and quickly surveys the residence.He and his partner immediately enter the home and see the suspect,who is holding a semiautomatic rifle.They command the suspect to drop his weapon and the suspect complies.Officer Goldman arrests the suspect and searches him. Officer Goldman was able to immediately enter the home without obtaining a warrant because of

(Multiple Choice)
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Police officers can rely on a variety of senses to justify a warrantless search.

(True/False)
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When ___________ is in jeopardy,police may question a suspect in custody without providing the Miranda warnings.

(Short Answer)
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When improperly obtained evidence is used because the evidence would later have been discovered anyway,even without improper actions by the police,this is called the ____________________ rule.

(Short Answer)
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Officer Castro notices a car in front of him driving at a slow speed.The driver seems to be driving erratically.Officer Castro activates his blue lights and attempts to pull over the car.The driver continues to drive for approximately two additional miles before pulling over.When Officer Castro slowly approaches the car,he smells what seems to be a heavy odor of marijuana.The driver has dilated eyes and slurred speech.There are four individuals in the car.When Officer Castro demanded that the car be pulled over,this would be most likely be considered a(n)

(Multiple Choice)
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Which doctrine permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location in which they are permitted to be?

(Multiple Choice)
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Explain how the U.S.Supreme Court has changed the interpretation of the Fourth Amendment,particularly within the Warren era.

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