Exam 15: Culture

In cultures with institutions that regulated social norms, individuals reported more _____ and less acceptance of those outside the culture.

The historical record suggests that religion developed as culture developed and is not a(n) _____ in the classical sense of the term.

It is this _____, which includes the ability to understand another as a person who has goals and seeks to perform self-directed activities, as well as the motivation to share emotions, experiences, and activities, which supports cultural development in humans.

Flinn (2005) notes that unlike genetic transmission, cultural transmission takes place outside the _____; this suggests that those physical theories that are able to explain physiological processes may not adequately explain cultural products.

Many _____ of culture are arbitrary; for example, an American flag is given meaning by the people themselves.

The preparation of food using fire led to the consumption of more meat, a cultural phenomenon, favored certain types of digestive structures and mechanisms, a physiological phenomenon. This is an example of culture-gene _____.

Even cultural preferences can have a _____ basis. For instance, the reason why dairy products are widely used in European diets but not Asian diets is not simply a matter of social learning; rather, the incidence of lactose tolerance is very high in Europe but low in Asia.

Cultural variation is seen in terms of the diversity of cultural beliefs, knowledge and artifacts; one example of such variation is language, of which there are approximately _____ spoken around the world.

An often-quoted example of cultural transmission in other species is _____ in a group of Japanese macaque monkeys.

One pathway of cultural learning comes from genetically evolved _____ adaptations that support our tendency to imitate those who have resources, fame, and status; in thinking about culture from this standpoint, you would use the logic of natural selection with its emphasis on adaptation and survival.

In studies on attribution, it has been found that Westerns are more likely to _____ attributions, whereas Asians are more likely to make _____ attributions.

The basic research strategy of _____ focuses on an examination of cognitive and neural differences across cultures. These studies examine the manner in which individuals from different cultures process the same information in different ways, or else they study the manner in which individuals from a single culture process information from different cultures differently.

_____ rules relate to the manner in which the environment can influence the expression of the genome without directly changing the DNA, even though these patterns of gene expression can be passed on to future generations. For example, the diet of a mouse before conception can influence the hair color of her infants and even her infants' infants.

The study of how organisms can modify their environment and how this changes evolutionary selection pressures is referred to as the