Exam 13: Health and Disease

Researchers initially did not see differences in male and female responses to stress because

There is a close connection between the environment and the manner in which the organism develops, and this is used by the organism to predict future conditions and needs; when this prediction is not met and the organism finds itself in a different environment, then _____ may result.

_____ behaviors are the normal response to infection, just as fear is a normal response to a threat; these behavioral changes are believed to enable ill individuals to cope better with the infection.

Barker (1967) proposed that a mother's nutrition during early pregnancy could influence both fetal and infant growth and, in turn, create a situation in which obesity and diabetes would result later in life; this idea is known as the _____ hypothesis.

Some _____, such as those that protect against malaria, also allow for other disorders such as sickle cell anemia.

A _____ serves an initial purpose; a cough, for example, is designed to expel foreign material from the respiratory tract.

In Canon's theory of homeostasis, _____ was seen as the situation in which physiological systems deviated from the set point.

Gluckman and Hanson (2005) suggest that organisms make _____ based on expectations about the environments their offspring will live in; that is, current environmental conditions produce changes in an organism's development that will help the organism match future environmental factors.

We have _____, including the situation in which the very process that is protective also causes problems. For example, our autoimmune system is designed to destroy pathogens. However, asthma and a variety of other disorders result when the autoimmune system overreacts.

The faster we come up with responses to pathogens, the faster those pathogens change. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect.

Gluckman and Hanson (2005) suggest that predictive adaptive responses (PARs) have a number of characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

Children who experience trauma in the form of abuse, death of a parent, or divorce show larger stress responses to _____ stress later in life.

Taylor (2002) suggests that the flight-or-flight response better describes a human male's response to stress; for females, a better descriptor would be _____, indicating that females have evolved behaviors to maximize the survival of both themselves and their offspring.

The cumulative wear and tear on the body as a result of responding to stressful conditions is called _____.

Selye used the term "stress" as a way of organizing physiological responses to a variety of challenges, including heat, cold, pain, noise, hard work, and so on; one of his early findings was that the body reacts similarly to a variety of different stressors, and he called this response _____.

Fever clearly serves a purpose, namely to _____, and reducing the fever through available medications may actually lengthen the time one is sick.

Taylor (2002) proposes that females have evolved a tend-and-befriend response to stress that includes four parts. Which of the following is NOT part of this response?

In terms of infection, it is not only humans that are evolving but also bacteria and viruses; this is a problem of infection and

The HPA axis, which involves pathways from the brain to the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands, releases stored _____ for immediate use by the body.

According to Gluckman and Hanson (2005), _____ in humans is one example of a health condition that results from PARs, in that humans evolved in a nutritional and energy environment that was different from the one we live in today.