Exam 4: The Early Schools of Criminology

What is recidivism?

Juridical criminals

General deterrence theory is concerned with how individuals respond to the perceived as opposed to objective cost properties of their criminal decisions.

Engaging in a debate about the death penalty, one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders, it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense.This is most clearly representative of the ______ school of criminology.

______ is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.

According to Raffael Garofalo, societies can only be protected from ______ criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.

Garofalo was interested in developing a "classical" definition of crime.

Jeremy Bentham maintained that estimations of the values of pleasures and pains were to be considered with reference to which of the following circumstances?

Prior to the eighteenth century, explanations of crime and other human behavior tended to center on

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham are associated with the classical school of criminology.

Based on what you have learned in this class, is the United States soft or hard on crime? Support your argument.

Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

For a risk taker engaged in crime, magnitude of punishment is more important than certainty of punishment.

When the value of any pleasure or pain is considered for the purpose of estimating the tendency of any act by which it is produced, there are two circumstances that must be taken into account.These include

______ deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the population; it is aimed at potential offenders.

Discuss the classical explanation of human behavior in regards to hedonism, rationality, and free will.

What is meant by utility?

Which of the following is one of the circumstances to be considered in measuring a pleasure or pain by itself?

What three important observations did Beccaria make in regards to the application of punishment?

Explain the difference between specific and general deterrence.