Exam 8: Critical and Feminist Theories

One of the central concepts in Marxist thought is that ______ underlies people's knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.

Labeling theory concerns itself with the application of deviant labels on the powerless and the consequences that follow, while the process of how particular labels come to be stigmatized is of central importance to conflict theorists.

Briefly describe peacemaking criminology.

In the 1990s, the media portrayed females as "gansta girls" and "violent girls," sending the message that girls were bad in ways that they never used to be.

A woman obtains a job as a sales representative.She realizes that when she works late at night, there is little oversight, and she could easily steal from the cash register without detection.This woman's foray into crime is most consistent with the ______ hypothesis.

One insight of ______ theory is that 'acting bad' is not necessarily incompatible with femininity, since gender has different meanings in different social contexts.

In Marxist theory, bourgeoisie is the term used to refer to the working class.

The name most closely associated with peacemaking criminology is ______.

According to George Vold, gangs are examples of ______, or groups whose interests are sufficiently on the margins of mainstream society that just about all of their activities are criminalized.

The ______ hypothesis argues that as women are increasingly involved in the workforce, they will have more opportunities to commit job-related crime.

______ criminology urges us to make peace on crime.

According to Marx, which two parties are involved in class struggle?

Marxist criminologists often view the real crimes in society as violations of human rights, such as racism and sexism, whereas those acts commonly referred to as crime are natural outgrowths of class struggle.

A major critique of ______ theory is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala in se crimes.

Describe how criminalizing victimization has affected women in the United States.How have changes in domestic violence policy influenced female arrest rates? Are increases in female arrest rates indicative of an increase in female offending? Support your answer.

______ criminology argues that an overemphasis on punishing criminals serves to escalate rather than decrease violence.

Define and discuss Anne Campbell's staying alive hypothesis.Why do women engage in crime according to Campbell?

True or False? Alienation is a central concept of critical criminology.

Describe the core components of peacemaking criminology.Based on this framework, what should be done to alleviate crime?

Peacemaking criminology advocates ______ in response to crime.