Question 1

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

Accepted Answer

A) a father to his daughter 
B) a mother to her son 
C) an uncle to his nephew 
D) a brother to his brother 
E) a sister to her brother 
A) a father to his daughter 
B) a mother to her son 
C) an uncle to his nephew 
D) a brother to his brother 
E) a sister to her brother

Question 2

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

Accepted Answer

A) periods of food availability. 
B) reproductive readiness. 
C) periods of daylight and darkness. 
D) magnetic fields. 
E) lunar cycles. 
A) periods of food availability. 
B) reproductive readiness. 
C) periods of daylight and darkness. 
D) magnetic fields. 
E) lunar cycles.

Question 3

-The behaviour of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviours are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

Accepted Answer

A) The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays. 
B) Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days. 
C) By courting at full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to times of highest tides that disperse larvae to safer, deeper waters. 
D) The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism blooms on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their life. 
E) It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity. 
A) The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays. 
B) Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days. 
C) By courting at full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to times of highest tides that disperse larvae to safer, deeper waters. 
D) The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism blooms on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their life. 
E) It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity.

Question 4

Feeding behaviour with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

Accepted Answer

A) herbivory. 
B) autotrophy. 
C) heterotrophy. 
D) search scavenging. 
E) optimal foraging. 
A) herbivory. 
B) autotrophy. 
C) heterotrophy. 
D) search scavenging. 
E) optimal foraging.

Question 5

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behaviour is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Accepted Answer

A) observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behaviour. 
C) bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behaviour of offspring. 
E) All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question. 
A) observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behaviour. 
C) bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behaviour of offspring. 
E) All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question.

Question 6

Which of the following might affect the foraging behaviour of an animal in the context of optimal foraging?

Accepted Answer

A) risk of predation 
B) prey size 
C) prey defences 
D) prey density 
E) All of the options are correct. 
A) risk of predation 
B) prey size 
C) prey defences 
D) prey density 
E) All of the options are correct.

Question 7

If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, it would indicate which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) a defective gene 
B) trial-and-error learning 
C) a misdirected response to a sign stimulus 
D) a natural behavioural variation in the mayfly population 
E) aberrant behaviour due to insecticide poisoning 
A) a defective gene 
B) trial-and-error learning 
C) a misdirected response to a sign stimulus 
D) a natural behavioural variation in the mayfly population 
E) aberrant behaviour due to insecticide poisoning

Question 8

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behaviour. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Accepted Answer

A) polygamous. 
B) monogamous. 
C) polyandrous. 
D) promiscuous. 
E) agonistic. 
A) polygamous. 
B) monogamous. 
C) polyandrous. 
D) promiscuous. 
E) agonistic.

Question 9

Among songbirds, a "crystallized" song is one that

Accepted Answer

A) is beyond the range of human hearing. 
B) is perfected by juveniles. 
C) extremely young chicks sing. 
D) is a perfected species-specific song. 
E) warns of predators. 
A) is beyond the range of human hearing. 
B) is perfected by juveniles. 
C) extremely young chicks sing. 
D) is a perfected species-specific song. 
E) warns of predators.

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
Imagine that your house has caught fire. It is only yourself and your full-sibling brother in the house since your parents are gone on vacation. After escaping the house, you cannot find your brother and decide he must still be inside. There is a 25% chance that you will not survive the fire, and you each will produce two offspring each should you survive.
-This scenario best exemplifies

Accepted Answer

A) cheating. 
B) sociobiology. 
C) reciprocal altruism. 
D) inclusive fitness. 
E) the tit-for-tat strategy. 
A) cheating. 
B) sociobiology. 
C) reciprocal altruism. 
D) inclusive fitness. 
E) the tit-for-tat strategy.

Question 11

Parental protective behaviour in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) sign stimulus 
B) cognition 
C) imprinting 
D) classical conditioning 
E) operant conditioning 
A) sign stimulus 
B) cognition 
C) imprinting 
D) classical conditioning 
E) operant conditioning

Question 12

Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioural response as the original sign stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A) concept formation. 
B) trial and error. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning. 
E) cognition. 
A) concept formation. 
B) trial and error. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning. 
E) cognition.

Question 13

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Accepted Answer

A) Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B) Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C) Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D) The sex ratio is biased. 
E) Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless. 
A) Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B) Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C) Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D) The sex ratio is biased. 
E) Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless.

Question 14

Infant vervet monkeys give indiscriminate alarm calls after sighting a potential predator; however, this skill becomes fine-tuned after social learning takes place. The response elicited by the infants before learning takes place indicates that

Accepted Answer

A) alarm calls are enhanced by spatial learning. 
B) the infants cannot see very well. 
C) alarm calls are an innate behaviour. 
D) the infants have passed the sensitive period. 
E) they do not depend on social learning. 
A) alarm calls are enhanced by spatial learning. 
B) the infants cannot see very well. 
C) alarm calls are an innate behaviour. 
D) the infants have passed the sensitive period. 
E) they do not depend on social learning.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity?

Accepted Answer

A) Young or eggs laid by a female are likely to contain the same genes as another female's eggs in a population of birds. 
B) Certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time. 
C) Males that guard females they have mated with are certain of their paternity. 
D) Certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization. 
E) Paternal behaviour exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection. 
A) Young or eggs laid by a female are likely to contain the same genes as another female's eggs in a population of birds. 
B) Certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time. 
C) Males that guard females they have mated with are certain of their paternity. 
D) Certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization. 
E) Paternal behaviour exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection.

Question 16

A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps to obtain the desired cream from the top. What term best applies to this behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) sign stimulus 
B) cognition 
C) imprinting 
D) classical conditioning 
E) operant conditioning 
A) sign stimulus 
B) cognition 
C) imprinting 
D) classical conditioning 
E) operant conditioning

Question 17

What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?

Accepted Answer

A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile 
E) electrical 
A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile 
E) electrical

Question 18

Which of the following is not required for a behavioural trait to evolve by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A) In each individual, the form of the behaviour is determined entirely by genes. 
B) The behaviour varies among individuals. 
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behaviour is performed. 
D) Some component of the behaviour is genetically inherited. 
E) An individual's genotype influences its behavioural phenotype. 
A) In each individual, the form of the behaviour is determined entirely by genes. 
B) The behaviour varies among individuals. 
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behaviour is performed. 
D) Some component of the behaviour is genetically inherited. 
E) An individual's genotype influences its behavioural phenotype.

Question 19

The presence of altruistic behaviour is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Accepted Answer

A) aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E) natural selection has generally favoured the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviours to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants. 
A) aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E) natural selection has generally favoured the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviours to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.

Question 20

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the location of a nearby food source it has discovered by

Accepted Answer

A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. 
B) performing a round dance. 
C) performing a waggle dance. 
D) visual cues. 
E) All options are correct. 
A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. 
B) performing a round dance. 
C) performing a waggle dance. 
D) visual cues. 
E) All options are correct.

Exam 51: Animal Behaviour

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

-The behaviour of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviours are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

Feeding behaviour with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behaviour is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Which of the following might affect the foraging behaviour of an animal in the context of optimal foraging?

If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, it would indicate which of the following?

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behaviour. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Among songbirds, a "crystallized" song is one that

Parental protective behaviour in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behaviour?

Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioural response as the original sign stimulus is called

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Infant vervet monkeys give indiscriminate alarm calls after sighting a potential predator; however, this skill becomes fine-tuned after social learning takes place. The response elicited by the infants before learning takes place indicates that

Which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity?

A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps to obtain the desired cream from the top. What term best applies to this behaviour?

What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?

Which of the following is not required for a behavioural trait to evolve by natural selection?

The presence of altruistic behaviour is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the location of a nearby food source it has discovered by

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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