Question 1

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺ → Lactate + NAD⁺

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen 
B) NADH 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) lactate 
E) pyruvate 
A) oxygen 
B) NADH 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) lactate 
E) pyruvate

Question 2

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

Accepted Answer

A) It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B) It was converted to heat and then released. 
C) It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D) It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body. 
A) It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B) It was converted to heat and then released. 
C) It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D) It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

Accepted Answer

A) C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced. 
B) O₂ is oxidized and H₂O is reduced. 
C) CO₂ is reduced and O₂ is oxidized. 
D) C₆H₁₂O₆ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized. 
E) O₂ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized. 
A) C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced. 
B) O₂ is oxidized and H₂O is reduced. 
C) CO₂ is reduced and O₂ is oxidized. 
D) C₆H₁₂O₆ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized. 
E) O₂ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized.

Question 4

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O)is present or absent?

Accepted Answer

A) electron transport 
B) glycolysis 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) chemiosmosis 
A) electron transport 
B) glycolysis 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) chemiosmosis

Question 5

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

Accepted Answer

A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E) all cells, in the absence of respiration. 
A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E) all cells, in the absence of respiration.

Question 6

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondrial matrix 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) cytosol 
A) mitochondrial matrix 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) cytosol

Question 7

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) aerobic respiration 
A) the electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) aerobic respiration

Question 8

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated further, however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost.
-After the further agitation of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost from the membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability of NADH to transfer electrons to the first acceptor in the electron transport chain 
B) the prosthetic groups like heme from the transport system 
C) cytochromes 
D) ATP synthase, in whole or in part 
E) the contact required between inner and outer membrane surfaces 
A) the ability of NADH to transfer electrons to the first acceptor in the electron transport chain 
B) the prosthetic groups like heme from the transport system 
C) cytochromes 
D) ATP synthase, in whole or in part 
E) the contact required between inner and outer membrane surfaces

Question 9

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) affinity of oxygen for electrons. 
D) H⁺ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
E) transfer of phosphate to ADP. 
A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) affinity of oxygen for electrons. 
D) H⁺ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
E) transfer of phosphate to ADP.

Question 10

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose 
B) proteins 
C) fatty acids 
D) glucose, proteins, and fatty acids 
E) Such yeast cells will not be capable of catabolizing any food molecules, and will therefore die. 
A) glucose 
B) proteins 
C) fatty acids 
D) glucose, proteins, and fatty acids 
E) Such yeast cells will not be capable of catabolizing any food molecules, and will therefore die.

Question 11

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water. 
B) the thermodynamically favourable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. 
C) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. 
D) the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
E) the thermodynamically favourable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. 
A) oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water. 
B) the thermodynamically favourable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. 
C) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. 
D) the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
E) the thermodynamically favourable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.

Question 12

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis and fermentation only 
B) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only 
C) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation only 
E) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen 
A) glycolysis and fermentation only 
B) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only 
C) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation only 
E) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

Question 13

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O)is present?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis 
B) fermentation 
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) 
A) glycolysis 
B) fermentation 
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

Question 14

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the figure above?

Accepted Answer

A) There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid. 
B) Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate. 
C) Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease. 
D) Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease. 
E) Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate. 
A) There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid. 
B) Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate. 
C) Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease. 
D) Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease. 
E) Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate.

Question 15

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Accepted Answer

A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O₂. 
C) Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 
E) Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. 
A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O₂. 
C) Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 
E) Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere.

Question 16

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis 
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 
A) glycolysis 
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 17

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor)in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

Accepted Answer

A) gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B) loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
C) gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
D) loses electrons and gains potential energy. 
E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy. 
A) gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B) loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
C) gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
D) loses electrons and gains potential energy. 
E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy.

Question 18

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Accepted Answer

A) are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B) are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C) provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
D) reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
E) are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes. 
A) are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B) are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C) provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
D) reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
E) are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes.

Question 19

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid (see the figure above)?

Accepted Answer

A) succinate 
B) malate 
C) citrate 
D) α-ketoglutarate 
E) isocitrate 
A) succinate 
B) malate 
C) citrate 
D) α-ketoglutarate 
E) isocitrate

Question 20

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Accepted Answer

A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. 
C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. 
C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺ → Lactate + NAD⁺

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O)is present or absent?

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O)is present?

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the figure above?

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor)in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid (see the figure above)?

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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