Question 1

Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?

Accepted Answer

A) in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently 
B) in nonphotosynthesizing cells only 
C) in cells that are storing glucose only 
D) in all cells all the time 
E) in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark 
A) in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently 
B) in nonphotosynthesizing cells only 
C) in cells that are storing glucose only 
D) in all cells all the time 
E) in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark

Question 2

Cellular nitrogenous wastes (ammonia and urea), are a result of

Accepted Answer

A) beta oxidation of lipids 
B) oxidative phosphorylation 
C) catabolism of proteins 
D) fermentation 
E) anabolic production of amino acids 
A) beta oxidation of lipids 
B) oxidative phosphorylation 
C) catabolism of proteins 
D) fermentation 
E) anabolic production of amino acids

Question 3

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions.
  
-Which portion of the pathway in the figure above involves an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated further, however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost.
-After the first disruption, when electron transfer and ATP synthesis still occur, what must be present?

Accepted Answer

A) all of the electron transport proteins as well as ATP synthase 
B) all of the electron transport system and the ability to add CoA to acetyl groups 
C) the ATP synthase system 
D) the electron transport system 
E) plasma membranes like those bacteria use for respiration 
A) all of the electron transport proteins as well as ATP synthase 
B) all of the electron transport system and the ability to add CoA to acetyl groups 
C) the ATP synthase system 
D) the electron transport system 
E) plasma membranes like those bacteria use for respiration

Question 5

Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis. 
B) the citric acid cycle. 
C) lactate fermentation. 
D) electron transport. 
E) oxidative phosphorylation. 
A) glycolysis. 
B) the citric acid cycle. 
C) lactate fermentation. 
D) electron transport. 
E) oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 6

________ is the process whereby hydrogen is removed from sugars and fats and transferred to oxygen.

Accepted Answer

A) Photosynthesis 
B) Respiration 
C) Fermentation 
D) Glycolysis 
E) Chemiosmosis 
A) Photosynthesis 
B) Respiration 
C) Fermentation 
D) Glycolysis 
E) Chemiosmosis

Question 7

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

Accepted Answer

A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. 
B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. 
C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. 
D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. 
E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases. 
A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. 
B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. 
C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. 
D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. 
E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases.

Question 8

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

Accepted Answer

A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B) ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C) ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E) ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same. 
A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B) ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C) ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E) ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same.

Question 9

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

Accepted Answer

A) high-energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules. 
B) a proton gradient across a membrane. 
C) converting oxygen to ATP. 
D) transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate. 
E) generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain. 
A) high-energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules. 
B) a proton gradient across a membrane. 
C) converting oxygen to ATP. 
D) transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate. 
E) generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain.

Question 10

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Accepted Answer

A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) electron transport. 
C) photophosphorylation. 
D) chemiosmosis. 
E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺. 
A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) electron transport. 
C) photophosphorylation. 
D) chemiosmosis. 
E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.

Question 11

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H⁺ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix 
A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix

Question 12

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

Accepted Answer

A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) chemiosmosis 
A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) chemiosmosis

Question 13

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺ 
E) an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain 
A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺ 
E) an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Question 14

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 15 
D) 30-32 
E) 60-64 
A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 15 
D) 30-32 
E) 60-64

Question 15

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Accepted Answer

A) reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B) reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C) oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D) reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) do none of the above. 
A) reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B) reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C) oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D) reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) do none of the above.

Question 16

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-For each mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO₂ are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure above)?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 3 
A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 3

Question 17

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A) 0% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 38% 
E) 100% 
A) 0% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 38% 
E) 100%

Question 18

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) competitive inhibition. 
B) allosteric regulation. 
C) the specificity of enzymes for their substrates. 
D) an enzyme requiring a cofactor. 
E) positive feedback regulation. 
A) competitive inhibition. 
B) allosteric regulation. 
C) the specificity of enzymes for their substrates. 
D) an enzyme requiring a cofactor. 
E) positive feedback regulation.

Question 19

The main purpose for the fermentation pathway is to ________ when oxygen is absent.

Accepted Answer

A) maintain a pool of oxidized NAD⁺ 
B) maintain a pool of reduced NADH 
C) generate ATP 
D) provide an alternative fuel to glucose, in the form of alcohol, 
E) drive the citric acid cycle 
A) maintain a pool of oxidized NAD⁺ 
B) maintain a pool of reduced NADH 
C) generate ATP 
D) provide an alternative fuel to glucose, in the form of alcohol, 
E) drive the citric acid cycle

Question 20

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-Which of the protein complexes labelled with Roman numerals in the figure above will transfer electrons to O₂?

Accepted Answer

A) complex I 
B) complex II 
C) complex III 
D) complex IV 
E) All of the complexes can transfer electrons to O₂. 
A) complex I 
B) complex II 
C) complex III 
D) complex IV 
E) All of the complexes can transfer electrons to O₂.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?

Cellular nitrogenous wastes (ammonia and urea), are a result of

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions. -Which portion of the pathway in the figure above involves an endergonic reaction?

Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

________ is the process whereby hydrogen is removed from sugars and fats and transferred to oxygen.

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H⁺ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)in aerobic cellular respiration?

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -For each mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO₂ are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure above)?

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. This is an example of

The main purpose for the fermentation pathway is to ________ when oxygen is absent.

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -Which of the protein complexes labelled with Roman numerals in the figure above will transfer electrons to O₂?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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