Exam 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century,________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.

Who wrote The Persian Letters?

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.

The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings,with scenes of leisure,romance,and seduction,led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.

_____________ architecture and decoration originated in early eighteenth-century France,but was adapted to many public buildings and churches across Europe.

The two major points in the deists' creed were ________.

Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?

Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.

Catherine the Great's reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?

The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.

According to Smith's four-stage theory,human societies ________.

Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French,________ praised the virtues of the English,especially their religious liberty,and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.

________,who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch,forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military,the Junker nobility,the Lutheran clergy,and a growing bureaucracy.

What approach did the philosophes take to organized religion? Explain their rationale.Finally,discuss how the ideas of deism resolved some of their religious objections.

Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.

Adam Smith is usually regarded as the founder of ________ economic thought and policy,which favors a limited role for the government in economic life.

Compare and contrast the efforts of Joseph II and Catherine II to implement enlightened reforms.Which monarch was more successful? Why?

________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.

From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?