Question 1

In sharks and rays TMAO

Accepted Answer

A)  is present in a 2:1 ratio with urea. 
B)  counteracts the toxic effect of urea. 
C)  serves as a hyper-ionic regulator. 
D)  two of these. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  is present in a 2:1 ratio with urea. 
B)  counteracts the toxic effect of urea. 
C)  serves as a hyper-ionic regulator. 
D)  two of these. 
E)  all of these.

Question 2

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:
-Stenohaline

Accepted Answer

A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes 
A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes

Question 3

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:
-Hyposomotic regulators

Accepted Answer

A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes 
A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes

Question 4

Important organic osmolytes in marine osmoconformers are

Accepted Answer

A)  polyols and sugars. 
B)  glycine and taurine. 
C)  methylamine and methylsulfonium. 
D)  urea. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  polyols and sugars. 
B)  glycine and taurine. 
C)  methylamine and methylsulfonium. 
D)  urea. 
E)  all of these.

Question 5

During alkalosis, the renal tubules

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete less hydrogen into the filtrate. 
B)  filter out more bicarbonate ions from blood into the filtrate. 
C)  reabsorb very little bicarbonate ions from the filtrate. 
D)  all of these. 
E)  none of these. 
A)  secrete less hydrogen into the filtrate. 
B)  filter out more bicarbonate ions from blood into the filtrate. 
C)  reabsorb very little bicarbonate ions from the filtrate. 
D)  all of these. 
E)  none of these.

Question 6

Camels are perfectly adapted to desert conditions because

Accepted Answer

A)  they can tolerate up to 30% loss of body water without any severe consequences. 
B)  they can slow down their metabolism when dehydration causes hypertonicity of ECF. 
C)  they have the ability to maintain plasma volume at the same homeostatic range even when the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic. 
D)  their body cells do not go into osmotic shock when they drink water rapidly after prolonged dehydration. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  they can tolerate up to 30% loss of body water without any severe consequences. 
B)  they can slow down their metabolism when dehydration causes hypertonicity of ECF. 
C)  they have the ability to maintain plasma volume at the same homeostatic range even when the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic. 
D)  their body cells do not go into osmotic shock when they drink water rapidly after prolonged dehydration. 
E)  all of these.

Question 7

Buffering of lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis in the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) during winter is by

Accepted Answer

A)  the carbon dioxide-carbonic acid buffers. 
B)  the massive shell of the turtle. 
C)  the phosphate buffers. 
D)  the protein buffers. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  the carbon dioxide-carbonic acid buffers. 
B)  the massive shell of the turtle. 
C)  the phosphate buffers. 
D)  the protein buffers. 
E)  all of these.

Question 8

Mammalian cerebrospinal fluid decreases in volume when the body as a whole is
 experiencing a negative water balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Transcellular fluids consist of a number of small specialized fluid volumes that are
 secreted by specific cells into a particular cavity to perform some specialized function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Acidosis in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  results when blood pH goes below 7.35. 
B)  reduces oxygen delivery to cells by hemoglobin. 
C)  depresses the central nervous system, and may lead to coma and death. 
D)  two of these. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  results when blood pH goes below 7.35. 
B)  reduces oxygen delivery to cells by hemoglobin. 
C)  depresses the central nervous system, and may lead to coma and death. 
D)  two of these. 
E)  all of these.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT correctly paired?

Accepted Answer

A)  distal tubule and intercalated cells 
B)  Type A intercalated cells and H+ secretion 
C)  Type A intercalated cells and HCO3- reabsorption 
D)  proximal tubule and H+ secretion 
E)  fish gills and H+ ATPase pumps 
A)  distal tubule and intercalated cells 
B)  Type A intercalated cells and H+ secretion 
C)  Type A intercalated cells and HCO3- reabsorption 
D)  proximal tubule and H+ secretion 
E)  fish gills and H+ ATPase pumps

Question 12

During acidosis, the renal tubules:

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete more hydrogen ions into the filtrate. 
B)  filter out more bicarbonate ions from blood. 
C)  retain more hydrogen ions in blood. 
D)  reabsorb less bicarbonates from the filtrate. 
E)  two of these. 
A)  secrete more hydrogen ions into the filtrate. 
B)  filter out more bicarbonate ions from blood. 
C)  retain more hydrogen ions in blood. 
D)  reabsorb less bicarbonates from the filtrate. 
E)  two of these.

Question 13

An animal with abnormally low sodium levels is suffering from hyponatremia

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Anytime the [HCO3-]/[CO2] ratio falls below 10:1, an acidosis exists.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:
-DMSP (dimethyl sulfonopropionate)

Accepted Answer

A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes 
A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes

Question 16

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:
-Chloride cells

Accepted Answer

A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes 
A)  Severe renal failure 
B)  Excretion of salt by marine birds and reptiles 
C)  Mediates interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonates in RBC 
D)  Fish odor 
E)  Special cells in the gills of marine fish
F) Decaying sea weeds
G) Strict osmoconformers
H) Osmoregulators with tolerance for different salinities
I) Fresh water organisms
J) Marine bony fishes

Question 17

In osmoregulators such as mammals

Accepted Answer

A)  the osmotic balance between the ECF and the ICF is carefully monitored and controlled by the kidneys. 
B)  cells will lose water if the ECF becomes hypertonic. 
C)  some cells exhibit RVI (regulatory volume increase) as a way of compensating water loss when the ECF becomes hypertonic. 
D)  the ICF is influenced by changes in the ECF. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  the osmotic balance between the ECF and the ICF is carefully monitored and controlled by the kidneys. 
B)  cells will lose water if the ECF becomes hypertonic. 
C)  some cells exhibit RVI (regulatory volume increase) as a way of compensating water loss when the ECF becomes hypertonic. 
D)  the ICF is influenced by changes in the ECF. 
E)  all of these.

In sharks and rays TMAO

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Stenohaline

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Hyposomotic regulators

Important organic osmolytes in marine osmoconformers are

During alkalosis, the renal tubules

Camels are perfectly adapted to desert conditions because

Buffering of lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis in the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) during winter is by

Mammalian cerebrospinal fluid decreases in volume when the body as a whole is experiencing a negative water balance.

Transcellular fluids consist of a number of small specialized fluid volumes that are secreted by specific cells into a particular cavity to perform some specialized function.

Acidosis in humans

Which of the following is NOT correctly paired?

During acidosis, the renal tubules:

An animal with abnormally low sodium levels is suffering from hyponatremia

Anytime the [HCO₃^-]/[CO₂] ratio falls below 10:1, an acidosis exists.

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -DMSP (dimethyl sulfonopropionate)

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Chloride cells

In osmoregulators such as mammals

Homeostasis and Integration: The Foundations of Physiology

Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Membrane Physiology

Neuronal Physiology

Nervous Systems

Sensory Physiology

Endocrine Systems

Muscle Physiology

Circulatory Systems

Defense Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems

Digestive Systems

Energy Balance and Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Systems

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Exam 13: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

In sharks and rays TMAO

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Stenohaline

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Hyposomotic regulators

Important organic osmolytes in marine osmoconformers are

During alkalosis, the renal tubules

Camels are perfectly adapted to desert conditions because

Buffering of lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis in the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) during winter is by

Mammalian cerebrospinal fluid decreases in volume when the body as a whole is experiencing a negative water balance.

Transcellular fluids consist of a number of small specialized fluid volumes that are secreted by specific cells into a particular cavity to perform some specialized function.

Acidosis in humans

Which of the following is NOT correctly paired?

During acidosis, the renal tubules:

An animal with abnormally low sodium levels is suffering from hyponatremia

Anytime the [HCO3-]/[CO2] ratio falls below 10:1, an acidosis exists.

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -DMSP (dimethyl sulfonopropionate)

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice: -Chloride cells

In osmoregulators such as mammals

Homeostasis and Integration: The Foundations of Physiology

Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Membrane Physiology

Neuronal Physiology

Nervous Systems

Sensory Physiology

Endocrine Systems

Muscle Physiology

Circulatory Systems

Defense Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems

Digestive Systems

Energy Balance and Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Systems

Filters

Anytime the [HCO₃^-]/[CO₂] ratio falls below 10:1, an acidosis exists.