Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.

Children understand that only living things have offspring that resemble the parents, a concept of naïve biology called _______________.

Research has found that infants can distinguish different phonemes from each other as early as ____ of age.

Several years ago, a major ketchup manufacturer experimented with selling ketchup in different colors, including green, purple, and others. The idea was that kids would be excited by different colors, even though extensive blind taste tests indicated that the flavors of the different products were identical. The product failed and was discontinued after only a few years. Children just did not seem to be able to accept that it was still ketchup even though it was not red. This sort of reliance on the appearance of an object is most typical of ____ children.

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

At around 18 months of age, children will learn approximately 10 or more new words and labels each week.

Bonds is trying to teach his son Barry to hit a baseball (a task that Barry has never before attempted). How might the concept of a zone of proximal development come into play in this situation, and what technique might Bonds use to improve his son's performance? Finally, how will Bonds most effectively used scaffolding in this circumstance?

For children with a(n) ____ style, language is primarily an intellectual tool. On the other hand, for children with a(n) ____ style, language is primarily a social tool.

____ involves applying grammatical rules to words that are, in fact, exceptions to those rules.

According to Jean Piaget, children demonstrate ____ when new information that they encounter is incorporated into their existing schemes.

Grice (1975) has identified three elements of effective oral communication. They include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Classical conditioning focuses on the relation between the consequences of behavior and the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Many parents emphasize conversational turn-taking even before a child can speak her first word.

Changes in heart rate or brain-wave activity that occur in response to the introduction of a new stimulus are called a(n) ____ response.

When assimilations are out of balance with accommodations, Piaget stated that a child is likely to engage in

The preoperational concept of ____ suggests that children in this stage believe that others see the world exactly as they do; that is, that their perspective is the only perspective there is.

How does learning to use our native language relate to learning faces of those around us?

Erik is having difficulty saying his "Rs," which is particularly problematic given his first name. When he tries to say "ERIK," it ends up sounding like "EWIK." His parents have him working with a speech therapist to help him overcome this small problem. Technically, Erik's problem lies with mispronunciation of a(n)

Memories that help people construct their life history and create socially shared memories are

The three formulae that children use to express their ideas in only two words are actor + action, action + object, and possessor + possession.

When Maurice's father is teaching him to play racquetball, he observes that there are some strokes that Maurice can do very well, and there are others that he needs help with. The difference between these two skill sets is called the zone of _______________ development.