Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.

Tosha is playing jacks, and each time she bounces a ball she has to pick up one additional jack. She uses private speech as she counts the number of jacks in her head rather than out loud.

While sitting with her parents in a restaurant waiting for service, four-year-old Elana watches as the waitress walks by without taking their order. "Mommy," she whines to her mother, "why isn't she talking to us when I'm so hungry?" Elana's belief that the waitress must know how hungry she is demonstrates the Piagetian concept of

The concept of naïve physics was postulated by ____, who found that infants as young as four and a half months would consistently look longer at unrealistic events than at realistic events.

Young Matthew is playing with his mother. She has his favorite stuffed animal, and she suddenly hides it under his blanket. Instead of looking for it under the blanket, Matthew starts to cry a little, since he thinks his toy is gone. Matthew's tears suggest that he has not yet developed

The zone of proximal development refers to the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance.

Phonemes refer only to vowel sounds and morphemes refer only to consonant sounds.

When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be MOST likely to say, "Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?"

When little Ella points to a sheep at the zoo and says "Doggie," her parents smile and adore how cute she is even though, by lumping all four-legged furry animals into the category of doggie Ella has demonstrated _______________.

Which of the following do you think would be MOST likely to occur first?

Five-year-old Michela appears to be talking to herself as she is putting together a tea party with several of her dolls. Describe Vygotsky's take on this behavior (e.g., Is this normal behavior? Is this a helpful behavior? Will this behavior go away?).

Which BEST exemplifies the core knowledge hypothesis?

Piagetians believe that an average child would first demonstrate the onset of intentional behavior when he or she is approximately

Joe is 18 months old, and is playing with his sister. He looks at her holding the inflatable beach ball, and says "up ball" as he holds out his hands. Joe's attempt to communicate using on a few essential words would be described as ____.

When there is an imbalance between assimilation and accommodation processes, children reorganize their schemes to a state of equilibrium in a process called equilibration.

Toddlers' first conversations tend to be about

According to Piaget, children understand the world with scripts, which are psychological structures that organize experience.

Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of a typical four-year-old's theory of biology?

Which of the following findings noted in observations of older babies supports the statement that babbling is a precursor to the use of real speech?

The fourth stage of cognitive development in Piaget's model is the _______________ period.

Discuss the concept of naive biology, making sure to include the basic elements that typify the theories of four-year-old children in this domain.