Exam 5: Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

The first eukaryotic genome to be completely sequenced was

Analysis of the first bacterial genome to be sequenced, H. influenzae, revealed _______ rRNA genes, _______ different tRNA genes, and _______ potential protein-coding genes.

An open-reading frame is a long stretch of nucleotide sequence that contains no chain-terminating (stop) codons.

A reasonable method to determine if two proteins differed by only a single amino acid would be to use _______.

Analysis of the H. influenza and E. coli genomes revealed that _______% of each genome encodes for protein.

Even though there are only about 20,000 different protein-coding genes in humans, it is estimated that these give rise to more than 100,000 different proteins. What are two mechanisms that can account for this dramatic difference?

Hybridization of fluorescent labeled cDNAs to microarrays of thousands of gene sequences allows gene expression to be assayed.

The genome of the fruit fly Drosophila contains approximately _______ as many genes as the human genome.

In the upstream promoter of some human genes, a regulatory sequence of eight nucleotides, TGACGTCA, has been shown to regulate a number of cAMP responsive genes. Based on this knowledge, you conduct a genome search and identify 250 of these identical sequences that occur. Could you then conclude that these sequences coincide with genes that are cAMP responsive?

Consider a hypothetical signaling pathway where the initiating signal is A, the terminal response is E, and there are three intermediate components, B, C, and D, such that the complete pathway is A-B-C-D-E. Experimentally, you determine that E acts to simulate A. This is an example of

Which method revealed that there were many more RNAs transcribed than are accounted for by the protein-coding genes in human cells?

Consider two signaling pathways: A-B-C-D-E and 1-2-3-4-5-6-7.Which response would be representative of stimulatory crosstalk?

There is only a 1% variance between the genomes of human, Neandertals, and chimpanzees.

Which method would best determine posttranslational modifications to a protein, such as phosphorylation?

There are more distinct proteins in eukaryotic cells than there are number of genes. Which statement best explains this?

There are three chain termination or stop codons: UAA, UAG, and _______.

Which phrase best defines systems biology?

What is the most significant difference between microarray analyses and RNA-seq analyses?

Epinephrine increases available glucose by binding to a cell surface receptor that activates a G protein, which then activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, then phosphorylase kinase, and finally glycogen phosphorylase, which breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate. Epinephrine breaks down glucose by activating five different proteins, stimulating glycogen synthase. Experimentally, you discover that in addition to stimulating the G protein, the epinephrine receptor can also directly stimulate glycogen synthase, bypassing the intermediate proteins. This would be an example of

Epinephrine increases available glucose by binding to a cell surface receptor that activates a G protein, which then activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, then phosphorylase kinase, and finally glycogen phosphorylase, which breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate. This is an example of