Exam 15: Population and Urbanization.

__________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area.

The __________ is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

In the late 19ᵗʰ and early 20ᵗʰ centuries, a major population shift occurred in the United States as thousands of people moved from rural to urban areas. This illustrates the international form of migration.

Urban ecologist Homer Hoyt's __________ emphasizes the significance of terrain and the importance of transportation routes in the layout of cities.

Sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker asserted that urban space has an "exchange value" which refers to the profits that industrialists make from buying, selling, and developing land and buildings; and a "use value" which is the utility of space, land, and buildings for everyday life, family life, and neighborhood life.

Known as the __________, this approach suggests that after flows of migration commence, the pattern may continue because potential migrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who now live in the country of destination and can serve as a source of stability when the potential migrants relocate to the new country.

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim, __________ is characterized by a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.

Sociologist Karl Marx provided several views on overpopulation. Which of the following was not a view offered by Marx on overpopulation?

Life expectancy varies by race. White males have a life expectancy at birth of about __________ years.

Discuss migration as it relates to the study of population.

English economist __________ was one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population. Displeased with societal changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution in Europe, he argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

In __________ mortality rates have declined dramatically as diseases such as malaria, polio, typhoid, and measles have been virtually eliminated by vaccinations, improved sanitation, and personal hygiene.

According to the multiple nuclei model, cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates, but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities. As cities began to grow rapidly, they annexed formerly outlying and independent townships that had been communities in their own right.

Economist Thomas Malthus stated that the elimination of the existing population might be averted by either positive or preventive checks on population. Preventive checks are mortality risks such as famine, disease, and war, compared with positive checks which are limits on fertility. For Malthus, the only acceptable positive check was moral restraint.

Compare international migration theories.

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been a decline in __________, which is the incidence of death in a population.

__________ is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

Discuss the functionalist perspective on urbanization and the growth of cities: ecological models.

According to the __________ developed by urban sociologists Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman, cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates, but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities.

To __________, gentrification creates additional hardships for the poor by depleting the amount of affordable housing available and by "pushing" them out of the area.