Question 1

The forelimbs of bats and birds are ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  homologous because their common ancestor had wings 
B)  not homologous because their similar internal bone structure evolved independently as an adaptation for flight 
C)  homologous because they are adapted for the same function 
D)  homologous because they have similar internal bone structure inherited from a common ancestor 
E)  not homologous because wings evolved from different ancestral organs in birds and bats 
A)  homologous because their common ancestor had wings 
B)  not homologous because their similar internal bone structure evolved independently as an adaptation for flight 
C)  homologous because they are adapted for the same function 
D)  homologous because they have similar internal bone structure inherited from a common ancestor 
E)  not homologous because wings evolved from different ancestral organs in birds and bats

Question 2

Briefly summarize the seminal idea presented in Darwin's famous publication, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Accepted Answer

Darwin proposed natural selection as the

Question 3

Which statement is NOT supported by the theory of evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans and apes share a common ancestry. 
B)  Humans and apes are descended from an apelike common ancestor. 
C)  Humans and apes have been evolving up until this very moment. 
D)  Humans and apes have stopped evolving and are stable lineages. 
E)  Humans and apes will continue to evolve for as long as their descendants persist. 
A)  Humans and apes share a common ancestry. 
B)  Humans and apes are descended from an apelike common ancestor. 
C)  Humans and apes have been evolving up until this very moment. 
D)  Humans and apes have stopped evolving and are stable lineages. 
E)  Humans and apes will continue to evolve for as long as their descendants persist.

Question 4

Woolly mammoths were determined to be closely related to living elephants on the basis of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequencing of nuclear genes 
B)  fossilized morphological evidence 
C)  embryological evidence inferred from fossils 
D)  mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences 
E)  cytochrome c amino acid sequences 
A)  DNA sequencing of nuclear genes 
B)  fossilized morphological evidence 
C)  embryological evidence inferred from fossils 
D)  mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences 
E)  cytochrome c amino acid sequences

Question 5

While on the H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin observed that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  organisms on the Galápagos Islands resembled species on the mainland 
B)  armadillos and glyptodonts coexisted in some habitats but not others 
C)  similar organisms colonized similar habitats in South America and Europe 
D)  organisms in different South American habitats resembled each other, but did not resemble organisms in similar European habitats 
E)  no organisms resembled fossilized extinct animals 
A)  organisms on the Galápagos Islands resembled species on the mainland 
B)  armadillos and glyptodonts coexisted in some habitats but not others 
C)  similar organisms colonized similar habitats in South America and Europe 
D)  organisms in different South American habitats resembled each other, but did not resemble organisms in similar European habitats 
E)  no organisms resembled fossilized extinct animals

Question 6

Explain how observing artificial selection provides an inference for natural selection.

Accepted Answer

The two processes are analogous, in that

Question 7

Scientists determined that African elephants are the closest living relatives of the woolly mammoth based on fossil evidence, because DNA cannot yet be extracted from fossils of extinct species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Match between columns
                        Premises: George-Louis de Buffon
Thomas Malthus
Charles Lyell
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
James Hutton
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Carolus Linnaeus
Gregor Mendel
Georges Cuvier

Accepted Answer

The Answer of taxonomic classification and vestigial structures and gradualism is...

Question 9

The concept of ____, the view that slow and continuous physical processes, acting over long periods of time, produced Earth's major geological features, was proposed by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  gradualism; James Hutton 
B)  natural selection; Charles Darwin 
C)  catastrophism; Georges Cuvier 
D)  natural theology; Nicolaus Copernicus 
E)  uniformitarianism; Thomas Huxley 
A)  gradualism; James Hutton 
B)  natural selection; Charles Darwin 
C)  catastrophism; Georges Cuvier 
D)  natural theology; Nicolaus Copernicus 
E)  uniformitarianism; Thomas Huxley

Question 10

Which of Lamarck's ideas was the least influential to Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species change through time. 
B)  New characteristics are passed from one generation to the next. 
C)  Organisms change in response to their environment. 
D)  Acquired characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring. 
E)  Specific mechanisms exist that foster evolutionary change. 
A)  Species change through time. 
B)  New characteristics are passed from one generation to the next. 
C)  Organisms change in response to their environment. 
D)  Acquired characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring. 
E)  Specific mechanisms exist that foster evolutionary change.

Question 11

Genetically based characteristics that make organisms more likely to survive and reproduce are referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquired characteristics 
B)  adaptive traits 
C)  favored characteristics 
D)  selective traits 
E)  divergent characteristics 
A)  acquired characteristics 
B)  adaptive traits 
C)  favored characteristics 
D)  selective traits 
E)  divergent characteristics

Question 12

According to the modern synthesis, macroevolution results from ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  abrupt changes in a species environment 
B)  the chance appearance of "hopeful monsters" 
C)  changes in genes that occur in spurts 
D)  abrupt changes in an individual's genetic makeup 
E)  the gradual accumulation of microevolutionary changes 
A)  abrupt changes in a species environment 
B)  the chance appearance of "hopeful monsters" 
C)  changes in genes that occur in spurts 
D)  abrupt changes in an individual's genetic makeup 
E)  the gradual accumulation of microevolutionary changes

Question 13

Recently discovered fossils reveal that many dinosaurian ancestors of birds had ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  boneless tails 
B)  toothless mouths 
C)  enlarged forelimbs 
D)  wings 
E)  feathers 
A)  boneless tails 
B)  toothless mouths 
C)  enlarged forelimbs 
D)  wings 
E)  feathers

Question 14

Darwin's inference that individuals within a population compete for limited resources was based on which observation(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring. 
B)  Populations do not increase in size indefinitely. 
C)  Food and other resources are limited for most populations. 
D)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring, and populations do not increase in size indefinitely. 
E)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring, populations do not increase in size indefinitely, and food and other resources are limited for most populations. 
A)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring. 
B)  Populations do not increase in size indefinitely. 
C)  Food and other resources are limited for most populations. 
D)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring, and populations do not increase in size indefinitely. 
E)  Most organisms produce more than one or two offspring, populations do not increase in size indefinitely, and food and other resources are limited for most populations.

Question 15

When insect populations exposed to insecticides develop resistance to these toxic chemicals over time, it is an example of natural selection ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  changing nonmorphological traits 
B)  altering reproductive mechanisms 
C)  acting in a goal-oriented manner 
D)  replacing morphological characteristics 
E)  facilitating mutations in populations 
A)  changing nonmorphological traits 
B)  altering reproductive mechanisms 
C)  acting in a goal-oriented manner 
D)  replacing morphological characteristics 
E)  facilitating mutations in populations

Question 16

How did Thomas Malthus influence Darwin's thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Darwin was convinced artificial selection could work in nature. 
B)  Darwin realized species typically produce more offspring than needed to replace the parent generation. 
C)  Darwin realized that the fate of humanity was dependent on artificial selection. 
D)  Darwin believed the fate of humanity was dependent on natural selection. 
E)  Darwin was convinced to publish his ideas about natural selection 
A)  Darwin was convinced artificial selection could work in nature. 
B)  Darwin realized species typically produce more offspring than needed to replace the parent generation. 
C)  Darwin realized that the fate of humanity was dependent on artificial selection. 
D)  Darwin believed the fate of humanity was dependent on natural selection. 
E)  Darwin was convinced to publish his ideas about natural selection

Question 17

During Mendel's time, a widely accepted theory called ____ suggested that evolution occurred in spurts rather than by gradual change.

Accepted Answer

A)  catastrophism 
B)  uniformitarianism 
C)  mutationism 
D)  natural selection 
E)  genetic transformation 
A)  catastrophism 
B)  uniformitarianism 
C)  mutationism 
D)  natural selection 
E)  genetic transformation

Question 18

Which scientist did NOT influence Darwin's writing of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mendel 
B)  Wallace 
C)  Lyell 
D)  Malthus 
E)  Lamarck 
A)  Mendel 
B)  Wallace 
C)  Lyell 
D)  Malthus 
E)  Lamarck

Question 19

Darwin hypothesized that advantageous hereditary traits in nature would become more common in populations due to the process of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  inheriting acquired traits 
B)  use and disuse 
C)  selective breeding 
D)  artificial selection 
E)  natural selection 
A)  inheriting acquired traits 
B)  use and disuse 
C)  selective breeding 
D)  artificial selection 
E)  natural selection

Question 20

What percentage of the species that have ever lived have become extinct?

Accepted Answer

A)  1% 
B)  9% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  99% 
A)  1% 
B)  9% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  99%

Exam 20: The Development of Evolutionary Thought

The forelimbs of bats and birds are ____.

Briefly summarize the seminal idea presented in Darwin's famous publication, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Which statement is NOT supported by the theory of evolution?

Woolly mammoths were determined to be closely related to living elephants on the basis of ____.

While on the H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin observed that ____.

Explain how observing artificial selection provides an inference for natural selection.

Scientists determined that African elephants are the closest living relatives of the woolly mammoth based on fossil evidence, because DNA cannot yet be extracted from fossils of extinct species.

The concept of ____, the view that slow and continuous physical processes, acting over long periods of time, produced Earth's major geological features, was proposed by ____.

Which of Lamarck's ideas was the least influential to Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Genetically based characteristics that make organisms more likely to survive and reproduce are referred to as ____.

According to the modern synthesis, macroevolution results from ____.

Recently discovered fossils reveal that many dinosaurian ancestors of birds had ____.

Darwin's inference that individuals within a population compete for limited resources was based on which observation(s)?

When insect populations exposed to insecticides develop resistance to these toxic chemicals over time, it is an example of natural selection ____.

How did Thomas Malthus influence Darwin's thinking?

During Mendel's time, a widely accepted theory called ____ suggested that evolution occurred in spurts rather than by gradual change.

Which scientist did NOT influence Darwin's writing of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ?

Darwin hypothesized that advantageous hereditary traits in nature would become more common in populations due to the process of ____.

What percentage of the species that have ever lived have become extinct?

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

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The concept of , the view that slow and continuous physical processes, acting over long periods of time, produced Earth's major geological features, was proposed by .