Question 1

The basic prediction of ____ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing themselves and the circumstances of their own behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance 
B)  the "new look" at cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-perception 
D)  elaboration likelihood 
A)  cognitive dissonance 
B)  the "new look" at cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-perception 
D)  elaboration likelihood

Question 2

Selma's friends can't stand her new girlfriend, Patty, and have been pressuring Selma to stop seeing her. Selma gets agitated and feels that her friends should mind their own business and not try to "run her life" for her. According to the concept of ____, Selma would be most likely to respond by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychological reactance; breaking up with Patty 
B)  psychological reactance; feeling even more dedicated to her relationship with Patty 
C)  attitude inoculation; eventually becoming persuaded by her friends' attitudes about Patty 
D)  attitude inoculation; taking out her frustrations on Patty in a gradual but definite process over time 
A)  psychological reactance; breaking up with Patty 
B)  psychological reactance; feeling even more dedicated to her relationship with Patty 
C)  attitude inoculation; eventually becoming persuaded by her friends' attitudes about Patty 
D)  attitude inoculation; taking out her frustrations on Patty in a gradual but definite process over time

Question 3

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues' (2005) post-decision dissonance experiment found that Japanese participants felt

Accepted Answer

A)  no dissonance. 
B)  less dissonance than their Canadian counterparts. 
C)  more dissonance than their Canadian counterparts. 
D)  dissonance when making a decision for a friend rather than themselves. 
A)  no dissonance. 
B)  less dissonance than their Canadian counterparts. 
C)  more dissonance than their Canadian counterparts. 
D)  dissonance when making a decision for a friend rather than themselves.

Question 4

Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ask them why they don't want to play with him. 
B)  Measure the girls' brain activity when they are forced to play with Michael. 
C)  Administer an IAT to examine the girls' racial attitudes. 
D)  Administer a self-report questionnaire examining the girls' racial attitudes. 
A)  Ask them why they don't want to play with him. 
B)  Measure the girls' brain activity when they are forced to play with Michael. 
C)  Administer an IAT to examine the girls' racial attitudes. 
D)  Administer a self-report questionnaire examining the girls' racial attitudes.

Question 5

Sleeper effects can be reduced by reminding people that the source of a persuasive message was not credible. This supports which of the following explanations of sleeper effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  The inoculation hypothesis 
B)  The discounting cue hypothesis 
C)  Psychological reactance theory 
D)  Cognitive dissonance theory 
A)  The inoculation hypothesis 
B)  The discounting cue hypothesis 
C)  Psychological reactance theory 
D)  Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 6

Steele's research on self-affirmation and cognitive dissonance indicates that when self-affirmations fail, dissonance

Accepted Answer

A)  is reduced. 
B)  returns. 
C)  goes away permanently. 
D)  becomes much greater than it ever was. 
A)  is reduced. 
B)  returns. 
C)  goes away permanently. 
D)  becomes much greater than it ever was.

Question 7

Research by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) shows that severe punishment

Accepted Answer

A)  is less likely than mild punishment to inspire cognitive dissonance. 
B)  leads to attitude change only when a self-affirmation is possible. 
C)  causes dissonance-induced physiological arousal to increase. 
D)  changes behavior only when attitudes change as well. 
A)  is less likely than mild punishment to inspire cognitive dissonance. 
B)  leads to attitude change only when a self-affirmation is possible. 
C)  causes dissonance-induced physiological arousal to increase. 
D)  changes behavior only when attitudes change as well.

Question 8

Jaycee is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycee is most likely a case of

Accepted Answer

A)  high need for cognition. 
B)  high need for evaluation. 
C)  low evaluative conditioning. 
D)  low cognitive dissonance. 
A)  high need for cognition. 
B)  high need for evaluation. 
C)  low evaluative conditioning. 
D)  low cognitive dissonance.

Question 9

Abby compliments Sharon on her new outfit, despite thinking it is not flattering at all. According to the "new look" at dissonance theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  Abby must feel physiological arousal after her lie in order to feel cognitive dissonance. 
B)  Abby will feel dissonance because she felt her only choice was to flatter Sharon when Sharon asked her, "How do I look?" 
C)  Abby will not feel dissonance because Sharon's outfit is not personally important to Abby. 
D)  Abby will come to believe that Sharon's outfit is flattering in the same way that an observer might infer Abby's attitude from her behavior. 
A)  Abby must feel physiological arousal after her lie in order to feel cognitive dissonance. 
B)  Abby will feel dissonance because she felt her only choice was to flatter Sharon when Sharon asked her, "How do I look?" 
C)  Abby will not feel dissonance because Sharon's outfit is not personally important to Abby. 
D)  Abby will come to believe that Sharon's outfit is flattering in the same way that an observer might infer Abby's attitude from her behavior.

Question 10

Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that most students made

Accepted Answer

A)  vertical head movements to indicate resentment. 
B)  horizontal head movements to indicate confusion. 
C)  vertical head movements to indicate agreement. 
D)  horizontal head movements to indicate boredom. 
A)  vertical head movements to indicate resentment. 
B)  horizontal head movements to indicate confusion. 
C)  vertical head movements to indicate agreement. 
D)  horizontal head movements to indicate boredom.

Question 11

Sally is a staunch Democrat. She has been arguing with Jim, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Sally is able to withstand the arguments Jim offers for his position, but just barely. She realizes afterward that her own counterarguments to his were pretty weak. Subsequent to this realization, Sally's attitude will

Accepted Answer

A)  become less certain. 
B)  remain unchanged. 
C)  become more certain. 
D)  change to agree with Jim. 
A)  become less certain. 
B)  remain unchanged. 
C)  become more certain. 
D)  change to agree with Jim.

Question 12

Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. The order of the speeches will affect the audience's decision by causing a ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  primacy 
B)  subliminal 
C)  recency 
D)  null 
A)  primacy 
B)  subliminal 
C)  recency 
D)  null

Question 13

The means of persuasion least obvious to a person who is unfamiliar with social psychology is persuasion

Accepted Answer

A)  via newspaper editorials. 
B)  on websites. 
C)  based on the central route. 
D)  from within. 
A)  via newspaper editorials. 
B)  on websites. 
C)  based on the central route. 
D)  from within.

Question 14

Vicki is a lawyer who is trying to decide which of two forensic experts she should hire to provide testimony in a case. One of them charges a significantly higher fee than the other. If Vicki wants the jurors to perceive her expert as trustworthy-and if she expects the witness's fees to become part of the trial record when he testifies-then she should select

Accepted Answer

A)  the more expensive expert. 
B)  the less expensive expert. 
C)  either one because of their status in their field. 
D)  the expert who has the most experience testifying in court. 
A)  the more expensive expert. 
B)  the less expensive expert. 
C)  either one because of their status in their field. 
D)  the expert who has the most experience testifying in court.

Question 15

Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that her

Accepted Answer

A)  attitude is based on feelings rather than beliefs. 
B)  belief that she can control her smoking behavior is weak. 
C)  family and friends also have negative attitudes toward smoking. 
D)  attitude is usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette. 
A)  attitude is based on feelings rather than beliefs. 
B)  belief that she can control her smoking behavior is weak. 
C)  family and friends also have negative attitudes toward smoking. 
D)  attitude is usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette.

Question 16

Discuss three alternatives to cognitive dissonance theory.

Accepted Answer

Whereas cognitive dissonance theory posi

Question 17

Leo has always believed strongly that fidelity in a marriage is very important. After he has an extramarital affair with Annette, he says to himself, "How could I stop myself? Annette was my soul mate. This was meant to be." Which dissonance-reducing technique is Leo using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Changing his attitude 
B)  Changing his perception of the behavior 
C)  Minimizing the importance of the conflict 
D)  Reducing perceived choice 
A)  Changing his attitude 
B)  Changing his perception of the behavior 
C)  Minimizing the importance of the conflict 
D)  Reducing perceived choice

Question 18

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She wants to ensure that her respondents answer with greater honesty and with less positive spin. She would be well-advised to use the

Accepted Answer

A)  Likert scale. 
B)  bogus pipeline. 
C)  sleeper effect. 
D)  self-validation hypothesis. 
A)  Likert scale. 
B)  bogus pipeline. 
C)  sleeper effect. 
D)  self-validation hypothesis.

Question 19

One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

Accepted Answer

A)  offer many, rather than fewer, response options. 
B)  use a single attitude scale, rather than multiple scales. 
C)  focus on attitudes regarding sensitive and personal issues. 
D)  convince respondents that any deception can be detected. 
A)  offer many, rather than fewer, response options. 
B)  use a single attitude scale, rather than multiple scales. 
C)  focus on attitudes regarding sensitive and personal issues. 
D)  convince respondents that any deception can be detected.

Question 20

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  self-verification. 
B)  regulatory fit. 
C)  the matching hypothesis. 
D)  the affect congruency effect. 
A)  self-verification. 
B)  regulatory fit. 
C)  the matching hypothesis. 
D)  the affect congruency effect.

The basic prediction of ____ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing themselves and the circumstances of their own behavior.

Selma's friends can't stand her new girlfriend, Patty, and have been pressuring Selma to stop seeing her. Selma gets agitated and feels that her friends should mind their own business and not try to "run her life" for her. According to the concept of , Selma would be most likely to respond by .

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues' (2005) post-decision dissonance experiment found that Japanese participants felt

Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael?

Sleeper effects can be reduced by reminding people that the source of a persuasive message was not credible. This supports which of the following explanations of sleeper effects?

Steele's research on self-affirmation and cognitive dissonance indicates that when self-affirmations fail, dissonance

Research by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) shows that severe punishment

Jaycee is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycee is most likely a case of

Abby compliments Sharon on her new outfit, despite thinking it is not flattering at all. According to the "new look" at dissonance theory,

Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that most students made

Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. The order of the speeches will affect the audience's decision by causing a ________ effect.

The means of persuasion least obvious to a person who is unfamiliar with social psychology is persuasion

Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that her

Discuss three alternatives to cognitive dissonance theory.

Leo has always believed strongly that fidelity in a marriage is very important. After he has an extramarital affair with Annette, he says to himself, "How could I stop myself? Annette was my soul mate. This was meant to be." Which dissonance-reducing technique is Leo using?

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She wants to ensure that her respondents answer with greater honesty and with less positive spin. She would be well-advised to use the

One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Law

Business

Health

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Exam 6: Attitudes

The basic prediction of ____ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing themselves and the circumstances of their own behavior.

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues' (2005) post-decision dissonance experiment found that Japanese participants felt

Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael?

Sleeper effects can be reduced by reminding people that the source of a persuasive message was not credible. This supports which of the following explanations of sleeper effects?

Steele's research on self-affirmation and cognitive dissonance indicates that when self-affirmations fail, dissonance

Research by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) shows that severe punishment

Jaycee is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycee is most likely a case of

Abby compliments Sharon on her new outfit, despite thinking it is not flattering at all. According to the "new look" at dissonance theory,

Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that most students made

Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. The order of the speeches will affect the audience's decision by causing a ________ effect.

The means of persuasion least obvious to a person who is unfamiliar with social psychology is persuasion

Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that her

Discuss three alternatives to cognitive dissonance theory.

Leo has always believed strongly that fidelity in a marriage is very important. After he has an extramarital affair with Annette, he says to himself, "How could I stop myself? Annette was my soul mate. This was meant to be." Which dissonance-reducing technique is Leo using?

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She wants to ensure that her respondents answer with greater honesty and with less positive spin. She would be well-advised to use the

One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Law

Business

Health

Filters