Question 1

How do you explain "Leniency Bias?"

Accepted Answer

One of the major explanations for the leniency bias is the existence of a prodefendant norm among jurors. Research on polarization indicates that one group effect of group deliberation is to increase commitment to shared norms. 
Another related explanation is based on the common law's disinclination toward false conviction. Such values are shown in numerous elements of the law, including the presumption of innocence, the prosecution's evidence to seek justice, and most importantly the reasonable-doubt standard of proof.

Question 2

Which of the following is not the criterion for jury selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compiling a list of potential jurors from sources such as voter registration lists 
B)  Using random selection to obtain a representative sample of community members who will be summoned for jury duty 
C)  Ensuring every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn 
D)  Subjecting those individuals who appear for jury duty to a pretrial interview to exclude those who might be biased 
A)  Compiling a list of potential jurors from sources such as voter registration lists 
B)  Using random selection to obtain a representative sample of community members who will be summoned for jury duty 
C)  Ensuring every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn 
D)  Subjecting those individuals who appear for jury duty to a pretrial interview to exclude those who might be biased C

Question 3

_______ does not permit the death penalty.

Accepted Answer

A)  Japan 
B)  India 
C)  Thailand 
D)  Australia 
A)  Japan 
B)  India 
C)  Thailand 
D)  Australia D

Question 4

Martha is accused of insider trading. During a polygraph test, she is asked if she ever littered as a child. This question is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  control question. 
B)  crime-relevant question. 
C)  peremptory challenge. 
D)  reconstructive memory. 
A)  control question. 
B)  crime-relevant question. 
C)  peremptory challenge. 
D)  reconstructive memory.

Question 5

Saul is a prospective juror in a mass murder case who, when asked by an attorney, says that he opposes the death penalty. The presiding judge then excludes him from the jury. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  leniency bias. 
B)  death qualification. 
C)  scientific jury selection. 
D)  jury nullification. 
A)  leniency bias. 
B)  death qualification. 
C)  scientific jury selection. 
D)  jury nullification.

Question 6

_______ is the phenomenon of witnesses' interpretations of events wavering according to their past experiences and expectations.

Accepted Answer

A)  Attributional bias 
B)  Sampling bias 
C)  Retrograde amnesia 
D)  Anterograde amnesia 
A)  Attributional bias 
B)  Sampling bias 
C)  Retrograde amnesia 
D)  Anterograde amnesia

Question 7

Claire, a district attorney, believes that elderly women are likely to be sympathetic to criminal defendants. She, therefore, summarily dismisses elderly prospective jurors during voir dire . This exemplifies the

Accepted Answer

A)  use of peremptory challenges. 
B)  advantages of scientific jury selection. 
C)  process of jury nullification. 
D)  power of informational influence. 
A)  use of peremptory challenges. 
B)  advantages of scientific jury selection. 
C)  process of jury nullification. 
D)  power of informational influence.

Question 8

_______ is the tendency to use one stimulus as a reference point in judging a second stimulus..

Accepted Answer

A)  Anchoring 
B)  Halo 
C)  Lock 
D)  Disparity 
A)  Anchoring 
B)  Halo 
C)  Lock 
D)  Disparity

Question 9

Individuals who do not demonstrate objection on the death penalty are

Accepted Answer

A)  likely to have been involved in some sort of crime themselves. 
B)  likely to hold religious convictions. 
C)  likely to favor the prosecution. 
D)  likely to be elderly. 
A)  likely to have been involved in some sort of crime themselves. 
B)  likely to hold religious convictions. 
C)  likely to favor the prosecution. 
D)  likely to be elderly.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is not a viable explanation for the finding that jurors often fail to comply with a judge's instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jurors do not like being told what they can and cannot pay attention to. 
B)  The judge's instruction often draws greater attention to the evidence in question. 
C)  Jurors are primarily motivated to reach the "right" decision. 
D)  Judicial instructions do not make it clear which information should be disregarded. 
A)  Jurors do not like being told what they can and cannot pay attention to. 
B)  The judge's instruction often draws greater attention to the evidence in question. 
C)  Jurors are primarily motivated to reach the "right" decision. 
D)  Judicial instructions do not make it clear which information should be disregarded.

Question 11

An 11-member jury has heard all the evidence in a child abuse case and is starting to deliberate. At the outset six favor acquittal of the defendant and five favor conviction. The jury will likely

Accepted Answer

A)  bring in a guilty verdict. 
B)  vote for acquittal. 
C)  be unable to achieve a verdict and be a hung jury. 
D)  vote for conviction if the defendant is female and acquittal if the defendant is male. 
A)  bring in a guilty verdict. 
B)  vote for acquittal. 
C)  be unable to achieve a verdict and be a hung jury. 
D)  vote for conviction if the defendant is female and acquittal if the defendant is male.

Question 12

Jonnie is a defense attorney representing a client charged with drug offenses. He conducts a survey in the community and discovers that residents with conservative politics are particularly unsympathetic to defendants in drug cases. He therefore decides to use his peremptory challenges during jury selection to remove from the panel prospective jurors with a history of voting for conservative political candidates. Jonnie is making use of

Accepted Answer

A)  scientific jury selection. 
B)  an implicit personality theory. 
C)  trial attorney intuition. 
D)  jury consultants. 
A)  scientific jury selection. 
B)  an implicit personality theory. 
C)  trial attorney intuition. 
D)  jury consultants.

Question 13

Ming was involved in a civil dispute that came to trial. Though unhappy with the judge's decision, he felt that he truly had the chance to express his views and present his case completely. Ming apparently was most satisfied with

Accepted Answer

A)  the sentencing disparity. 
B)  the voir dire process. 
C)  his process control. 
D)  the deliberation stage. 
A)  the sentencing disparity. 
B)  the voir dire process. 
C)  his process control. 
D)  the deliberation stage.

Question 14

What was the major consideration of the U.S. Supreme Court during the case of Lockhart v. McCree ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Whether the death qualification violates a defendant's right to a fair trial 
B)  Whether scientific jury selection should be legal or not 
C)  Whether a jury should have 6 or 12 members 
D)  Whether a jury must have a unanimous verdict or not 
A)  Whether the death qualification violates a defendant's right to a fair trial 
B)  Whether scientific jury selection should be legal or not 
C)  Whether a jury should have 6 or 12 members 
D)  Whether a jury must have a unanimous verdict or not

Question 15

What is jury nullification? Under what circumstances might this be more likely to occur in a trial?

Accepted Answer

Sometimes juries disagree with the law,

Question 16

Miguel will be using scientific jury selection in an upcoming trial. The first step of this process will be to

Accepted Answer

A)  ask prospective jurors personal questions during the voir dire . 
B)  assess demographic characteristics and trial-relevant attitudes of the community in which the trial will take place. 
C)  submit a motion to the judge to allow an independent consulting firm to interview prospective jurors. 
D)  meet with the judge and opposing counsel to discuss the range of questions that will be permitted during the voir dire . 
A)  ask prospective jurors personal questions during the voir dire . 
B)  assess demographic characteristics and trial-relevant attitudes of the community in which the trial will take place. 
C)  submit a motion to the judge to allow an independent consulting firm to interview prospective jurors. 
D)  meet with the judge and opposing counsel to discuss the range of questions that will be permitted during the voir dire .

Question 17

One reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the instructions typically come before the evidence is presented, increasing the likelihood that the jurors will forget them. 
B)  the jurors often find the instructions difficult to comprehend, leading to misunderstandings and confusion. 
C)  the jurors frequently consider the instructions to be irrelevant to the trial, leading them to experience reactance. 
D)  jurors usually try to avoid jury nullification. 
A)  the instructions typically come before the evidence is presented, increasing the likelihood that the jurors will forget them. 
B)  the jurors often find the instructions difficult to comprehend, leading to misunderstandings and confusion. 
C)  the jurors frequently consider the instructions to be irrelevant to the trial, leading them to experience reactance. 
D)  jurors usually try to avoid jury nullification.

Question 18

A juror is more likely to be chosen as foreperson if the juror is

Accepted Answer

A)  seated in the middle of the table as opposed to at the head. 
B)  of lower rather than higher occupational status. 
C)  quiet during the initial stages of jury deliberation. 
D)  the first to speak in the jury room. 
A)  seated in the middle of the table as opposed to at the head. 
B)  of lower rather than higher occupational status. 
C)  quiet during the initial stages of jury deliberation. 
D)  the first to speak in the jury room.

Question 19

Which of the following conclusions is not consistent with research on confessions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confessions are discounted more by jurors who see a videotape that focuses on the interrogator instead of the defendant. 
B)  When false evidence is presented by an interrogator, suspects are not only more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit but also to believe this confession. 
C)  Jurors often fully discount a defendant's confession if they learn that the confession was obtained while the defendant was being physically threatened by police. 
D)  Police detectives use an average of five to six tactics when trying to obtain a confession. 
A)  Confessions are discounted more by jurors who see a videotape that focuses on the interrogator instead of the defendant. 
B)  When false evidence is presented by an interrogator, suspects are not only more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit but also to believe this confession. 
C)  Jurors often fully discount a defendant's confession if they learn that the confession was obtained while the defendant was being physically threatened by police. 
D)  Police detectives use an average of five to six tactics when trying to obtain a confession.

Question 20

Research on lineup administration by Greathouse and Kovera (2009) suggests that the police officer who conducts a lineup

Accepted Answer

A)  can affect the actual identification that a witness makes. 
B)  can impact how confident an eyewitness is. 
C)  will not unduly bias an eyewitness as he or she makes a conscious effort not to. 
D)  is unlikely to be called as a witness in any subsequent legal action. 
A)  can affect the actual identification that a witness makes. 
B)  can impact how confident an eyewitness is. 
C)  will not unduly bias an eyewitness as he or she makes a conscious effort not to. 
D)  is unlikely to be called as a witness in any subsequent legal action.

How do you explain "Leniency Bias?"

Which of the following is not the criterion for jury selection?

_______ does not permit the death penalty.

Martha is accused of insider trading. During a polygraph test, she is asked if she ever littered as a child. This question is an example of a

Saul is a prospective juror in a mass murder case who, when asked by an attorney, says that he opposes the death penalty. The presiding judge then excludes him from the jury. This is an example of

_______ is the phenomenon of witnesses' interpretations of events wavering according to their past experiences and expectations.

Claire, a district attorney, believes that elderly women are likely to be sympathetic to criminal defendants. She, therefore, summarily dismisses elderly prospective jurors during voir dire . This exemplifies the

_______ is the tendency to use one stimulus as a reference point in judging a second stimulus..

Individuals who do not demonstrate objection on the death penalty are

Which of the following statements is not a viable explanation for the finding that jurors often fail to comply with a judge's instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence?

An 11-member jury has heard all the evidence in a child abuse case and is starting to deliberate. At the outset six favor acquittal of the defendant and five favor conviction. The jury will likely

Ming was involved in a civil dispute that came to trial. Though unhappy with the judge's decision, he felt that he truly had the chance to express his views and present his case completely. Ming apparently was most satisfied with

What was the major consideration of the U.S. Supreme Court during the case of Lockhart v. McCree ?

What is jury nullification? Under what circumstances might this be more likely to occur in a trial?

Miguel will be using scientific jury selection in an upcoming trial. The first step of this process will be to

One reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors is that

A juror is more likely to be chosen as foreperson if the juror is

Which of the following conclusions is not consistent with research on confessions?

Research on lineup administration by Greathouse and Kovera (2009) suggests that the police officer who conducts a lineup

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Attitudes

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Exam 12: Law

How do you explain "Leniency Bias?"

Which of the following is not the criterion for jury selection?

_______ does not permit the death penalty.

Martha is accused of insider trading. During a polygraph test, she is asked if she ever littered as a child. This question is an example of a

Saul is a prospective juror in a mass murder case who, when asked by an attorney, says that he opposes the death penalty. The presiding judge then excludes him from the jury. This is an example of

_______ is the phenomenon of witnesses' interpretations of events wavering according to their past experiences and expectations.

Claire, a district attorney, believes that elderly women are likely to be sympathetic to criminal defendants. She, therefore, summarily dismisses elderly prospective jurors during voir dire . This exemplifies the

_______ is the tendency to use one stimulus as a reference point in judging a second stimulus..

Individuals who do not demonstrate objection on the death penalty are

Which of the following statements is not a viable explanation for the finding that jurors often fail to comply with a judge's instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence?

An 11-member jury has heard all the evidence in a child abuse case and is starting to deliberate. At the outset six favor acquittal of the defendant and five favor conviction. The jury will likely

Ming was involved in a civil dispute that came to trial. Though unhappy with the judge's decision, he felt that he truly had the chance to express his views and present his case completely. Ming apparently was most satisfied with

What was the major consideration of the U.S. Supreme Court during the case of Lockhart v. McCree ?

What is jury nullification? Under what circumstances might this be more likely to occur in a trial?

Miguel will be using scientific jury selection in an upcoming trial. The first step of this process will be to

One reason judges' instructions tend to have little impact on jurors is that

A juror is more likely to be chosen as foreperson if the juror is

Which of the following conclusions is not consistent with research on confessions?

Research on lineup administration by Greathouse and Kovera (2009) suggests that the police officer who conducts a lineup

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

The Social Self

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Attitudes

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Business

Health

Filters