Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

Which child is most likely using private speech during a piano lesson?

According to your textbook, which of the following distinguishes the parenting of mothers in the US from mothers in India and Guatemala?

Five-year-old Michela appears to be talking to herself as she is putting together a tea party with several of her dolls. Describe Vygotsky's take on this behavior (e.g., Is this normal behavior? Is this a helpful behavior? Will this behavior go away?).

A child who counts numbers in a mixed up sequence, such as "4, 2, 1, 5, 8, 6," is demonstrating a failure to understand the ________ principle.

Marion has learned that whenever she cries in a specific way, her parents will give her the attention that she is seeking. Therefore she cries in that way whenever she wants that attention. The process of ________ conditioning has led to this outcome.

Which of the following circumstances would promote the most cognitive growth in a child?

To help children learn the difference between the roles of speaker and listener in a conversation, they should encourage ________ soon after children begin to speak.

According to your authors, which of the following would promote the BEST growth of cognitive skills?

Mia likes to kick soccer balls. She has developed a mental structure for kicking that may be applied to different situations. This mental structure for kicking would best be described as

The defining characteristic of centration is ____ thought.

Which is a key cue used by infants when attempting to identify whether a sound represents a word?

Private speech is to ________ as inner speech is to ________.

Erik is having difficulty saying his "Rs," which is particularly problematic given his first name. When he tries to say "ERIK," it ends up sounding like "EWIK." His parents have him working with a speech therapist to help him overcome this small problem. Technically, Erik's problem lies with mispronunciation of a(n)

While sitting with her parents in a restaurant waiting for service, four-year-old Elana watches as the waitress walks by without taking their order. "Mommy," she whines to her mother, "why isn't she talking to us when I'm so hungry?" Elana's belief that the waitress must know how hungry she is demonstrates the Piagetian concept of

A grammatical morpheme refers to a missing start or stem of a word that makes it grammatically correct within a sentence.

By the age of ________ years, most youngsters can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes.

When an infant starts licking their lips and salivating when their mother starts to adjust her clothing to nurse, it demonstrates __________ conditioning.

By about ________ months of age, a child can distinguish two objects from three and three objects from four.

The zone of proximal development refers to the difference between what an unskilled child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance.

Piaget believed that by about 18 months of age the average child began to have the ability to use and understand symbols. How did he feel this was demonstrated?