Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. Which of the following statements about these inside-out membrane vesicles is true?

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

Which of the following processes is driven by chemiosmosis?

Which of the following metabolic processes normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O₂)is present?

Why are carbohydrates and fats frequently considered high-energy foods?

New biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, can alert serious athletes that they are about to "hit the wall" and will find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate, a form of lactic acid, released in sweat during strenuous exercise. Which of the statements below is the best explanation of why athletes would need to monitor lactate levels?

Which of the following statements describes what happens to a molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor)in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction?