Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1)teeth 2)contour feathers 3)wing claws 4)long tail with many vertebrae

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Which type of bird is most likely to need air sacs to reduce its weight?

Which graph below best represents the way that density changes over time in a physoclistus fish and in a physostomus fish, respectively? A. B. C. D.

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.2. Figure 34.2 -Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life?

For the following items, match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. -Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin.

Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.2. Figure 34.2 -Which number represents the closest relative to the parareptiles?

Rank the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth)in the water column over the long term. 1)physoclistus fish 2)physostomus fish 3)chondrichthyan fish

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. -The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. -Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of abnormal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus?

How many of the following statements about craniates is (are)correct? 1)Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. 2)Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3)The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4)Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. 5)The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent

Which of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae?

The following questions refer to the description below. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). -The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?

In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis. If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the

Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?

Which feature(s)allow(s)hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?