Exam 8: America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow." George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946 -To directly combat the threat described by Kennan,the United States would

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following: •State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. •Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents. •Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument. •Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view. •Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. •Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. •Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic. -To what extent did American foreign policy evolve following the conclusion of World War II? Discuss both continuities and changes during the period from 1945 to 1980. Document 1 Source: Speech on the Marshall Plan by President Harry Truman, 1948 In considering the requirements for the rehabilitation of Europe the physical loss of life … was probably less serious than the dislocation of the entire fabric of European economy… The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next 3 or 4 years of foreign food and other essential products -- principally from America -- are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help, or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.… It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist Document 2 Source: The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 The Parties to this Treaty… are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security… Article 2 The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions… and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. Article 3 In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties… will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack… Article 5 The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked Document 3 Source: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1965 The Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. Section 2. The United States regards as vital to its national interest and to world peace the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. Consonant with the Constitution of the United States and the Charter of the United Nations …the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom. Document 4 Source: President Richard Nixon, Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam, November 3, 1969 For the future of peace, precipitate withdrawal would thus be a disaster of immense magnitude… --Our defeat and humiliation in South Vietnam without question would promote recklessness in the councils of those great powers who have not yet abandoned their goals of world conquest. --This would spark violence wherever our commitments help maintain the peace—in the Middle East, in Berlin, eventually even in the Western Hemisphere. Ultimately, this would cost more lives. It would not bring peace; it would bring more war. …The defense of freedom is everybody's business--not just America's business. And it is particularly the responsibility of the people whose freedom is threatened. In the previous administration, we Americanized the war in Vietnam. In this administration, we are Vietnamizing the search for peace. … Under the new orders, the primary mission of our troops is to enable the South Vietnamese forces to assume the full responsibility for the security of South Vietnam. …Let historians not record that when America was the most powerful nation in the world we passed on the other side of the road and allowed the last hopes for peace and freedom of millions of people to be suffocated by the forces of totalitarianism. Document 5 Source: Declassified Notes from Meeting between President Nixon and Prime Minister Chou, February 1972 Prime Minister Chou: Of course, Mr. President…we have no interest in asking you not to have good relations with the Soviet Union… And we also hope that you will reach agreements with the Soviet Union on disarmament and other matters. We have even expressed the wish that you visit the Soviet Union first… You have dared to have contact with China. [Some] said that ‘he wouldn’t have had the courage to come.’ …We believe this unprecedented event [Nixon’s visit to China] is a correct action. Although there are four forces that oppose you, pro-Soviet, pro-India, pro-Japanese, and pro-Chiang Kai-shek, yet the strength combined of their voices is not very loud. President Nixon: …Maybe we have some disagreements, but we know that there will be changes, and we know that there can be a better, and I trust safer, world for our two peoples regardless of differences if we can find common ground.

SA Directions Directions: Read each question carefully and write your responses using complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. -Using your knowledge of United States history,answer parts a,b,and c. a)Briefly describe ONE specific United States foreign policy during the period from 1945 to 1970. b)Briefly describe ONE specific result of the policy you described in part a. c)Identify and explain ONE criticism of the policy you described in part a.

The following questions refer to the image below. Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images -The movement depicted above was most similar to preceding civil rights movements in its use of

The following questions refer to the image below. Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images -Which of the following developments most significantly challenged the success of the movement depicted above?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow." George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946 -In response to fears like those expressed in the passage,Americans would domestically

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution." Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956 -The central complaint of this manifesto referenced the Supreme Court's decision to

SA Directions Directions: Read each question carefully and write your responses using complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. -Answer parts a,b,and c. a)Describe ONE major cultural change resulting from ONE of the following in the period from 1950 to 1970: -Baby Boom -Technological Developments -Suburbanization b)Briefly explain ONE specific development leading to the change you described in part a. c)Briefly explain ONE specific response to the change you described in part a.

"Malcom X,one of the most influential Black Nationalist thinkers of the twentieth century,declared… 'The political philosophy of black nationalism is that which is designed to encourage our people,the black people,to gain complete control over the politics and the politicians of our own community.' ...Both scholars and leaders agree on certain central features of Black Nationalist ideology… The crucial distinguishing feature between the nationalists and the integrationists is that nationalists' integration as neither desirable nor likely as a means of achieving black liberation in the United States at the present time." Alphonso Pinkney,Red,Black,and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States,1979 -Civil rights activists who disagreed with the philosophy described in the passage would have

SA Directions Directions: Read each question carefully and write your responses using complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. -Which of the following factors most directly motivated the migration shown in this map?

The following questions refer to the image below. Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images -The most significant objective of the movement depicted above was to

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In his conduct of the office of President of the United States,Richard M.Nixon,in violation of his constitutional oath faithfully to execute the office of President of the United States…has prevented,obstructed,and impeded the administration of justice,in that: Richard M.Nixon,using the powers of his high office,engaged personally and through his subordinates and agents,in a course of conduct or plan designed to delay,impede,and obstruct the investigation [into the Watergate break in]… to cover up,conceal,and protect those responsible;and to conceal the existence and scope of other unlawful covert activities." Articles of Impeachment,U.S.House Judiciary Committee,1974 -Which of the following best explains the impact of the events leading up to the House Judiciary Committee's resolution above?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[But] somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of [the United States]… [are] poor… It is a blow to reform and the political hopes of the poor that the middle class no longer understands that poverty exists… What shall we tell the American poor?...Shall we say to them that they are better off than the Indian poor? That is one answer,but it is heartless…The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can now be abolished." Michael Harrington,The Other America,1962 -What was the most significant response of the United States' government to the sentiments expressed in the passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The experience of a 'détente' in American-Soviet relations in the 1970s ultimately failed for a number of reasons,including an underlying difference in conceptions of détente: The American leaders saw it (in Kissinger's words)as a way of 'managing the emergence of Soviet power' into world politics in an age of nuclear parity;the Soviet leaders,for their part,envisaged it as a way of managing the transition of the United States from its former superiority into a more modest role in world politics… Ultimately disillusionment affected the leaderships on both sides… and the détente commitment was not only devalued but used as the basis for additional hostile charges against the other side." Raymond L.Garthoff,"Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan," 1982 -Which of the following issues most dominated the foreign policy debate in the United States in conjunction with debates over the merits of the policies described in the passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution." Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956 -The message presented in this passage underscores which of the following developments of the post-World War II era?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "As…Negroes fought for entry into American society,[the Beats] passively withdrew from the surrounding nation… [they] listened to poetry readings,listened to jazz,… opted for poverty,refused to be anchored down by family obligations,and developed a literary style marked by run-on,stream-of-consciousness sentences… The Beats rejected straight society. Overthrow it-its morality,its patriotism,its family structure,its capitalism,its Christianity,its taboos… Socially alienated and ideologically inarticulate,the Beats represented radicalism of the cultural rather than the political. Daniel Flynn,A Conservative History of the American Left,2009 -Which of the following changes would the group described in the passage have most strongly opposed?

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following: •State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. •Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents. •Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument. •Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view. •Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. •Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. •Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic. -To what extent did the civil rights campaigns for women,Latinos,and American Indians reflect the efforts of the African-American Civil Rights Movement? Discuss both continuities in the movements as well as strategic changes in the period from 1954 to 1978. Document 1 Source: Thurgood Marshall, Oral Argument before the Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954 At the first hearing, before the trial go under way, counsel for the appellees in open court read a statement in which he admitted that, although prior to that time they had decided that the physical facilities of the separate schools were equal, they had concluded finally that they were not equal… but the position we were takin was that these statutes [requiring segregated schools] were unconstitutional in their enforcement because they not only produced these inevitable inequalities in physical facilities, but that evidence would be produced by expert witnesses to show that the governmentally imposed racial segregation in and of itself was also a denial of equality. Document 2 Source: Declaration of Indian Purpose, American Indian Chicago Conference, University of Chicago, 1961 ...We, the Indian People, must be governed by principles in a democratic manner with a right to choose our way of life. Since our Indian culture is threatened by presumption of being absorbed by the American society, we believe we have the responsibility of preserving our precious heritage.... We believe that the history and development of America show that the Indian has been subjected to duress, undue influence, unwarranted pressures, and policies which have produced uncertainty, frustration, and despair.... What we ask of America is not charity, not paternalism, even when benevolent. We ask only that the nature of our situation be recognized and made the basis of policy and action Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-03128] Document 4 Source: Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, Speech before Congress, April 22, 1969 The question facing the Mexican-American people today is what do we want, and how do we get it? What I want is justice. By justice I mean decent work at decent wages for all who want work; decent support for those who cannot support themselves; full and equal opportunity in employment, in education, in schools; I mean by justice the full, fair, and impartial protection of the law for every man; I mean by justice decent homes; adequate streets and public services.... I do not believe that justice comes only to those who want it; I am not so foolish as to believe that good will alone achieves good works. I believe that justice requires work and vigilance, and I am willing to do that work and maintain that vigilance.... It may well be that I agree with the goals stated by militants; but… I cannot accept the belief that simple, blind, and stupid hatred is an adequate response to simple, blind, and stupid hatred… All over the Southwest new organizations are springing up; some promote pride in heritage, which is good, but others promote chauvinism, which is not. Document 5 Source: Dolores Huerta, Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers for International Boycott Day, May 10, 1969 We, the striking grape workers of California, join on this International Boycott Day with the consumers across the continent in planning the steps that lie ahead on the road to our liberation… We have been farm workers for hundreds of years and pioneers for seven. Mexicans, Filipinos, Africans and others, our ancestors were among those who founded this land and tamed its natural wilderness. But we are still pilgrims on this land, and we are pioneers who blaze a trail out of the wilderness of hunger and deprivation that we have suffered even as our ancestors did. We are conscious today of the significance of our present quest. If this road we chart leads to the rights and reforms we demand, if it leads to just wages, humane working conditions, protection from the misuse of pesticides, and to the fundamental right of collective bargaining, if it changes the social order that relegates us to the bottom reaches of society, then in our wake will follow thousands of American farm workers…and we will not stop struggling 'til we die, or win! Document 6 Source: The proclamation of the Indians of All Tribes who occupied Alcatraz from November 1969 to June 1971 To the Great White Father and All His People: We, the native Americans, re-claim the land known as Alcatraz Island in the name of all American Indians by right of discovery. We wish to be fair and honorable in our dealings with the Caucasian inhabitants of this land, and hereby offer the following treaty: We will purchase said Alcatraz Island for 24 dollars in glass beads and red cloth, a precedent set by the white man's purchase of a similar island about 300 years ago… We feel that this so-called Alcatraz Island is more than suitable as an Indian Reservation, as determined by the white man's own standards. By this we mean that this place resembles most Indian reservations, in that: 1. It is isolated from modern facilities, and without adequate means of transportation. 2. It has no fresh running water. …4. There are no oil or mineral rights. 5. There is no industry and so unemployment is very great. …9. The population has always been held as prisoners and kept dependent upon others. Document 7 Source: Jo Freeman, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, “The Women’s Liberation Movement: Its Origins, Structures, and Ideals,” 1971 The first sign of new life [of the Feminist movement] came with the establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women by President Kennedy in 1961… [T]he Commission came out with several often radical reports thoroughly documenting women's second class status… Many of the people involved in these commissions became the nucleus of women who, dissatisfied with the lack of progress made on commission recommendations, joined with Betty Friedan in 1966 to found the National Organization for Women… While the written programs and aims of the older branch [of feminist organizations, including NOW] span a wide spectrum, their activities tend to be concentrated on the legal and economic difficulties women face… [T]he other branch of the movement… all [members of which] were "under 30" and had received their political education as participants or concerned observers [in]… civil rights organizations where they had been shunted into traditional roles and faced with the self-evident contradiction of working in a "freedom movement" but not being very free.

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[But] somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of [the United States]… [are] poor… It is a blow to reform and the political hopes of the poor that the middle class no longer understands that poverty exists… What shall we tell the American poor?...Shall we say to them that they are better off than the Indian poor? That is one answer,but it is heartless…The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can now be abolished." Michael Harrington,The Other America,1962 -Which of the following stands in most direct contrast to the message of this passage?

"Women have many careers,but only one vocation-motherhood… It is for woman as mother,actual or vicarious,to restore emotional security in our insecure world… Today,however,the duties of the homemaker have become so depreciated that many women feel impelled to work outside the home-even when it is not economically necessary-in order to retain the respect of the community… What ails these women who reject their children? Surface influences of a competitive,materialistic world have atrophied their emotions and destroyed their instinctive reactions." Agnes Meyer,"Women Aren't Men," Reader's Digest,1950 -Which of the following developments would most directly challenge the perspective of this passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The conventional wisdom on the origins of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 suggests that it was primarily a product of the civil rights movement… However,ideational effects of the cold war also played a part in the political developments of 1965… Cold war foreign-policy considerations pressed for increased openness for ethnic minority immigration to reduce tensions with allied (or potential allied)countries,and conversely,civil rights leaders were able to gain leverage for the Civil Rights Act by exploiting this tension and forcing Americans to practice the liberalism reflected in their founding myths." Christopher Rudolph,National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945,2006 -The most significant result of the policy change described in the passage was that