Exam 1: New World Beginnings

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In the middle of the fifteenth century,Europe,Africa,and the Americas came together,creating-among other things-a new economy.At the center of that economy was the plantation,an enterprise dedicated to the production of exotic commodities-the most prominent being sugar-for a distant market.The sugar plantation,which first developed in the Mediterranean,was an enormously complex unit of production requiring the mobilization of vast amounts of capital,the development of new technologies (agricultural,industrial,and maritime),the invention of management techniques,and-because sugar production was extraordinarily labor intensive-the employment of huge numbers of workers." Historian Ira Berlin,"The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" -Which of the following historical events did not precede the events described by historian Ira Berlin?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The early discourse of the New World then is full of questions that cannot be asked or answers that cannot be understood. 'Due to the lack of language,' complains Verrazzano,'we were unable to find out by signs or gestures how much religious faith these people we found possessed.' Canoes of Indians,Cartier writes,'came after our long-boat dancing and showing many signs of joy,and of their desire to be friends,saying to us in their language: Napou tou daman asurtat,and other words,we did not understand…And seeing that no matter how much we signed to them,they would not go back,we shot off over their heads two small cannon.'" Stephen Greenblatt,Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World,1991 -The events described by Greenblatt illustrate which of the following Atlantic World developments?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The presence of explorers such as Verrazano and Cartier and of unknown numbers of anonymous fishermen and part-time traders had several effects on the native population.The Mi'kmaqs,Hurons,and other northeastern Indian groups approached the intruding Europeans in friendship,eager to trade and to learn more about the strangers.In part this response was a sign of natural curiosity,but it also reflected some serious changes taking place in the Native world of North America.Beginning in the mid-fourteenth century,the climate in North America underwent significant cooling.As the climate grew colder,both hunter-gatherers like the Mi'kmaqs and agriculturists like the Iroquois had to expand their subsistence territory,and in doing so they came into conflict with their neighbors.As warfare became more common,groups increasingly formed alliances for mutual defense-systems like the Iroquois League and Powhatan Confederacy." Historian Christopher L.Miller,"The Americas to 1620" -After the initial contacts described in this passage,American Indians

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For some eighteen years,Elizabeth's England had been locked in open war with the Spanish empire of Philip II (succeeded by his son,Philip III,in 1598).In many ways,the conflict was about religion.Protestant England had long feared Spain was marshalling the forces of international Catholicism against it.By 1585,Elizabeth felt compelled to send troops to aid the (largely Protestant)Dutch to prevent the Spanish army completing its conquest of the Low Countries-the obvious base for an assault on England.English anxieties were further heightened by the sizeable Catholic minority among the queen's own subjects and continuing fears they might prove a fifth column for Spain.Philip II was not only determined to crush the English challenge,but was also infuriated by English piracy,not least against Spanish ships and settlements in the New World.The result was Spain's attempt to invade England by sea in 1588-what is today popularly called 'the Spanish Armada.'" Historian Paul E.J.Hammer,"England on the Eve of Colonization" -Which of the following accurately explains one of the primary motives for European colonization of the New World in the context of this passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For some eighteen years,Elizabeth's England had been locked in open war with the Spanish empire of Philip II (succeeded by his son,Philip III,in 1598).In many ways,the conflict was about religion.Protestant England had long feared Spain was marshalling the forces of international Catholicism against it.By 1585,Elizabeth felt compelled to send troops to aid the (largely Protestant)Dutch to prevent the Spanish army completing its conquest of the Low Countries-the obvious base for an assault on England.English anxieties were further heightened by the sizeable Catholic minority among the queen's own subjects and continuing fears they might prove a fifth column for Spain.Philip II was not only determined to crush the English challenge,but was also infuriated by English piracy,not least against Spanish ships and settlements in the New World.The result was Spain's attempt to invade England by sea in 1588-what is today popularly called 'the Spanish Armada.'" Historian Paul E.J.Hammer,"England on the Eve of Colonization" -Which of the following generalizations could be supported by the passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts." Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552 -Which of the following historical events preceded the events described by de las Casas?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts." Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493 -Which of the following occurred as a result of the kind of encounter seen in the passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The early discourse of the New World then is full of questions that cannot be asked or answers that cannot be understood. 'Due to the lack of language,' complains Verrazzano,'we were unable to find out by signs or gestures how much religious faith these people we found possessed.' Canoes of Indians,Cartier writes,'came after our long-boat dancing and showing many signs of joy,and of their desire to be friends,saying to us in their language: Napou tou daman asurtat,and other words,we did not understand…And seeing that no matter how much we signed to them,they would not go back,we shot off over their heads two small cannon.'" Stephen Greenblatt,Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World,1991 -Which of the following statements is correct about the period described in the passage?

In your response you should do the following: •State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. •Support your argument with evidence,using specific examples. •Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question. •Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or connects it to a different category of analysis. -To what extent did the encounter between Europeans and American Indians alter the physical environment of the Atlantic World from 1491 to 1607?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts." Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552 -The ideas expressed by de las Casas were the result of which of the following?

The following questions refer to the image below. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand/Library of Congress -The Spanish and Portuguese used all of the following resources over centuries to create the society depicted in the engraving except

The following questions refer to the image below. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division[LC-USZC4-5267] An engraving by John White,Secotan,an Algonquian village,ca.1585 -Which of the following factors played the most significant role in the development of the Native social and economic structures pictured here?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft." Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002 -As seen in the passage,European attempts to understand African traditions and cultures resulted in which of the following ideas?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft." Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002 -Within the Spanish settlements,slaves would find themselves

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In the middle of the fifteenth century,Europe,Africa,and the Americas came together,creating-among other things-a new economy.At the center of that economy was the plantation,an enterprise dedicated to the production of exotic commodities-the most prominent being sugar-for a distant market.The sugar plantation,which first developed in the Mediterranean,was an enormously complex unit of production requiring the mobilization of vast amounts of capital,the development of new technologies (agricultural,industrial,and maritime),the invention of management techniques,and-because sugar production was extraordinarily labor intensive-the employment of huge numbers of workers." Historian Ira Berlin,"The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" -Which of the following historical trends does the passage reflect?

The following questions refer to the image below. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division[LC-USZC4-5267] An engraving by John White,Secotan,an Algonquian village,ca.1585 -The engraving could be used to dispute which of the following claims?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The late sixteenth and early seventeenth century were the time of what has been called the "little ice age" in the northern hemisphere,making it an inauspicious period for the founding of colonies. The little ice age is given various beginning and ending dates by historians of climate,most making it as broad as from the middle of the fifteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. Because there was no unbroken run of cold winters and cool,wet summers,experts disagree about the outer limits of the period,but all agree that its greatest intensity was felt between 1550 and 1700. Severest winter cold and least summer warmth occurred in the 1590s,the first decade of the seventeenth century,the 1640s,and the last decade of the seventeenth century. The global mean temperature for the period was probably about one degree centigrade lower than in the relatively warm period from 1890 to 1950." Historian Karen Ordahl Kuperman, "The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period" -Which of the following historical concepts was most closely associated with the passage?

The following questions refer to the image below. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division[LC-USZC4-5267] An engraving by John White,Secotan,an Algonquian village,ca.1585 -Europeans who encountered societies like those seen in the engraving tended to view them as

The following questions refer to the image below. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand/Library of Congress -The labor system depicted here was justified largely by

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The early discourse of the New World then is full of questions that cannot be asked or answers that cannot be understood. 'Due to the lack of language,' complains Verrazzano,'we were unable to find out by signs or gestures how much religious faith these people we found possessed.' Canoes of Indians,Cartier writes,'came after our long-boat dancing and showing many signs of joy,and of their desire to be friends,saying to us in their language: Napou tou daman asurtat,and other words,we did not understand…And seeing that no matter how much we signed to them,they would not go back,we shot off over their heads two small cannon.'" Stephen Greenblatt,Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World,1991 -A significant result of the kinds of encounters like the one described here was that