Exam 1: New World Beginnings

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years." Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001 -The events described by Richter most directly illustrate which of the following developments of the sixteenth century?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In the middle of the fifteenth century,Europe,Africa,and the Americas came together,creating-among other things-a new economy.At the center of that economy was the plantation,an enterprise dedicated to the production of exotic commodities-the most prominent being sugar-for a distant market.The sugar plantation,which first developed in the Mediterranean,was an enormously complex unit of production requiring the mobilization of vast amounts of capital,the development of new technologies (agricultural,industrial,and maritime),the invention of management techniques,and-because sugar production was extraordinarily labor intensive-the employment of huge numbers of workers." Historian Ira Berlin,"The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" -One conclusion the passage suggests is that

Answer parts a,b,and c. a)The following items had a great impact on the development of the New World in this time period (1491-1607): - Intense European rivalries - Introduction of slavery into the Americas - Changes in technology Choose ONE of the items above and briefly explain the impact it had on the development of the New World between 1491 and 1607. b)Choose the ONE item from the list above that you think had the GREATEST IMPACT and briefly explain one piece of evidence which supports that idea. c)Briefly explain ONE way in which Europeans responded to the challenge of settlement in the New World.

Answer parts a,b,and c. a)Various labor sources were used by Europeans to develop the New World.These included: $\quad$ - European laborers $\quad$ - African slaves $\quad$ - Native American slaves Choose ONE of the labor sources and briefly explain how Europeans used that group to advance their colonies. b)Briefly explain ONE historical change or outcome of the use of one labor source. c)Briefly explain,citing a specific historical example,ONE way in which some Europeans responded critically to the use of one labor source.

The following questions refer to the image below. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand/Library of Congress -Which of the following resulted from the kind of world depicted in the engraving?

"Now compare these [Spanish] traits of prudence,intelligence,magnanimity,moderation,humanity,and religion with the qualities of these little men (hombrecillos)in whom you will scarcely fine even vestiges of humanity;who not only are devoid of learning but do not even have a written language;who preserve no monuments of their history,aside from some vague and obscure reminiscence of past events,represented by means of certain paintings;and who have no written laws but only barbaric customs and institutions.And if we are to speak of virtues,what moderation or mildness can you expect of men who are given to all kings of intemperance and wicked lusts,and who eat human flesh? And do not believe that before the coming of the Christians they lived in that peaceful reign of Saturn that the poets describe;on the contrary,they waged continuous and ferocious war against each other,with such fury that they considered a victory hardly worthwhile if they did not glut their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies,a ferocity all the more repellent since it was not joined to the invincible valor of the Scythians,who also ate human flesh.For the rest,these Indians are so cowardly that they almost run at the sight of our soldiers,and frequently thousands of them have fled like women before a very few Spaniards,numbering less than a hundred…." Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda,The Nature of Natives,1550 "There was a custom among the Spaniards that one person,appointed by the captain,should be in charge of distributing to each Spaniard the food and other things the Indians gave.And while the captain was thus on his mare and the others mounted on theirs,and the father himself was observing how the bread and fish were distributed,a Spaniard,in whom the devil is thought to have clothed himself,suddenly drew his sword.Then the whole hundred drew theirs and began to rip open the bellies,to cut and kill those lambs-men,women,children,and old folk,all of whom were seated,off guard and frightened,watching the mares and the Spaniards.And within two credos,not a man of all of them there remains alive. The Spaniards enter the large house nearby,for this was happening at its door,and in the same way,with cuts and stabs,begin to kill as many as they found there,so that a stream of blood was running,as if a great number of cows had perished.Some of the Indians who could make haste climbed up the poles and woodwork of the house to the top,and thus escaped."   Bartolomé de las Casas,History of the Indies,1552 Using the excerpts above,answer parts a,b,and c. a)Briefly explain ONE major difference between the opinions of de las Casas and Sepúlveda. b)Briefly explain ONE development in the period from 1491 to 1607 that could be used to support the opinions of Sepúlveda. c)Briefly explain ONE development in the period from 1491 to 1607 that could be used to support the opinions of de las Casas.

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years." Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001 -The conflict described in this excerpt was made more intense by the

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts." Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493 -Which of the following cultural and economic shifts was NOT a result of the events described in the passage?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft." Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002 -European analyses of the culture of Africa would likely have emphasized

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The early discourse of the New World then is full of questions that cannot be asked or answers that cannot be understood. 'Due to the lack of language,' complains Verrazzano,'we were unable to find out by signs or gestures how much religious faith these people we found possessed.' Canoes of Indians,Cartier writes,'came after our long-boat dancing and showing many signs of joy,and of their desire to be friends,saying to us in their language: Napou tou daman asurtat,and other words,we did not understand…And seeing that no matter how much we signed to them,they would not go back,we shot off over their heads two small cannon.'" Stephen Greenblatt,Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World,1991 -Ultimately,the European-American Indian relationships would be defined by conflict as a result of

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft." Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002 -Sustained contact between Africans and Europeans in the early colonial period often resulted in which of the following?

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The presence of explorers such as Verrazano and Cartier and of unknown numbers of anonymous fishermen and part-time traders had several effects on the native population.The Mi'kmaqs,Hurons,and other northeastern Indian groups approached the intruding Europeans in friendship,eager to trade and to learn more about the strangers.In part this response was a sign of natural curiosity,but it also reflected some serious changes taking place in the Native world of North America.Beginning in the mid-fourteenth century,the climate in North America underwent significant cooling.As the climate grew colder,both hunter-gatherers like the Mi'kmaqs and agriculturists like the Iroquois had to expand their subsistence territory,and in doing so they came into conflict with their neighbors.As warfare became more common,groups increasingly formed alliances for mutual defense-systems like the Iroquois League and Powhatan Confederacy." Historian Christopher L.Miller,"The Americas to 1620" -One factor which led to the changes described in the passage was

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "The late sixteenth and early seventeenth century were the time of what has been called the "little ice age" in the northern hemisphere,making it an inauspicious period for the founding of colonies. The little ice age is given various beginning and ending dates by historians of climate,most making it as broad as from the middle of the fifteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. Because there was no unbroken run of cold winters and cool,wet summers,experts disagree about the outer limits of the period,but all agree that its greatest intensity was felt between 1550 and 1700. Severest winter cold and least summer warmth occurred in the 1590s,the first decade of the seventeenth century,the 1640s,and the last decade of the seventeenth century. The global mean temperature for the period was probably about one degree centigrade lower than in the relatively warm period from 1890 to 1950." Historian Karen Ordahl Kuperman, "The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period" -One of the most significant effects of the trends described in this passage was