Question 1

Gnomes are not humans.

Accepted Answer

A)  No gnomes are humans. 
B)  All gnomes are not humans. 
C)  No things identical to a gnome are things identical to a human. 
D)  All humans are not gnomes. 
E)  No gnomes are things that are not humans. 
A)  No gnomes are humans. 
B)  All gnomes are not humans. 
C)  No things identical to a gnome are things identical to a human. 
D)  All humans are not gnomes. 
E)  No gnomes are things that are not humans.

Question 2

Not all birds can fly.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some birds are not animals that can fly. 
B)  All birds are not animals that can fly. 
C)  Some birds are animals that can fly. 
D)  Some birds cannot fly. 
E)  Some animals that can fly are not birds. 
A)  Some birds are not animals that can fly. 
B)  All birds are not animals that can fly. 
C)  Some birds are animals that can fly. 
D)  Some birds cannot fly. 
E)  Some animals that can fly are not birds.

Question 3

No non-A are B. (T) Contrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are not B. (F) 
B)  No B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (F) 
D)  All non-A are B. (F) 
E)  No non-B are A. (Und.) 
A)  All non-A are not B. (F) 
B)  No B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (F) 
D)  All non-A are B. (F) 
E)  No non-B are A. (Und.)

Question 4

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 5

There are mountains on the horizon.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some things on the horizon are not mountains. 
B)  Some mountains are things on the horizon. 
C)  Some mountains are not things on the horizon. 
D)  Some mountains are on the horizon. 
E)  All mountains are not things on the horizon. 
A)  Some things on the horizon are not mountains. 
B)  Some mountains are things on the horizon. 
C)  Some mountains are not things on the horizon. 
D)  Some mountains are on the horizon. 
E)  All mountains are not things on the horizon.

Question 6

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Accepted Answer

A)  Supplying alcohol to minors is a criminal offense. 
B)  Many technological innovations are not things that improve the quality of life. 
C)  No consumption taxes are fair to the poor. 
D)  Some professional sports teams want new stadiums. 
E)  All tailor made suits are garments guaranteed to fit. 
A)  Supplying alcohol to minors is a criminal offense. 
B)  Many technological innovations are not things that improve the quality of life. 
C)  No consumption taxes are fair to the poor. 
D)  Some professional sports teams want new stadiums. 
E)  All tailor made suits are garments guaranteed to fit.

Question 7

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are not. 
B)  Are earning. 
C)  Are operating. 
D)  Are. 
E)  Not. 
A)  Are not. 
B)  Are earning. 
C)  Are operating. 
D)  Are. 
E)  Not.

Question 8

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the predicate term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are not. 
B)  Earning a profit. 
C)  Corporations that are operating in the United States. 
D)  Enterprises. 
E)  Enterprises that are earning a profit. 
A)  Are not. 
B)  Earning a profit. 
C)  Corporations that are operating in the United States. 
D)  Enterprises. 
E)  Enterprises that are earning a profit.

Question 9

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.) 
A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.)

Question 10

All non-A are B. (T) No non-A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (T) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contrary. (Und.) 
A)  Contraposition. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (T) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contrary. (Und.)

Question 11

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an X in Area 1 and in Area 2. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
D)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
E)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
A)  There is an X in Area 1 and in Area 2. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
D)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
E)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks.

Question 12

Pansies are flowers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some pansies are not flowers. 
B)  All pansies are flowers. 
C)  Some pansies are flowers. 
D)  All things that are not pansies are things that are not flowers. 
E)  All things identical to pansies are things identical to flowers. 
A)  Some pansies are not flowers. 
B)  All pansies are flowers. 
C)  Some pansies are flowers. 
D)  All things that are not pansies are things that are not flowers. 
E)  All things identical to pansies are things identical to flowers.

Question 13

In Categorical Proposition 1B:

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
D)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed. 
A)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
D)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed.

Question 14

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Some. 
C)  Are. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Are not. 
A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Some. 
C)  Are. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Are not.

Question 15

It is false that some vampires are sun worshippers. Therefore, it is false that all vampires are sun worshippers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 16

Meerkats are not lizards.

Accepted Answer

A)  No things identical to a meerkat are things identical to lizards. 
B)  All meerkats are not lizards. 
C)  No meerkats are lizards. 
D)  All lizards are not meerkats. 
E)  No meerkats are things that are not lizards. 
A)  No things identical to a meerkat are things identical to lizards. 
B)  All meerkats are not lizards. 
C)  No meerkats are lizards. 
D)  All lizards are not meerkats. 
E)  No meerkats are things that are not lizards.

Question 17

All A are non-B. (F) No A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Obversion. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (T) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Subcontrary. (T) 
E)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
A)  Obversion. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (T) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Subcontrary. (T) 
E)  Subalternation. (Und.)

Question 18

Some toys are not safe playthings. Therefore, some toys are unsafe playthings.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary.

Question 19

It is false that no genetic experiments are ethical procedures. Therefore, all genetic experiments are ethical procedures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary.

Question 20

Some A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  Some B are not A. (Und.) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (F) 
C)  Some A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-B are not non-A. (F) 
E)  Some non-B are not non-A. (Und.) 
A)  Some B are not A. (Und.) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (F) 
C)  Some A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-B are not non-A. (F) 
E)  Some non-B are not non-A. (Und.)

Gnomes are not humans.

Not all birds can fly.

No non-A are B. (T) Contrary

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

There are mountains on the horizon.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the predicate term is:

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

All non-A are B. (T) No non-A are B.

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Pansies are flowers.

In Categorical Proposition 1B:

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the copula is:

It is false that some vampires are sun worshippers. Therefore, it is false that all vampires are sun worshippers.

Meerkats are not lizards.

All A are non-B. (F) No A are non-B.

Some toys are not safe playthings. Therefore, some toys are unsafe playthings.

It is false that no genetic experiments are ethical procedures. Therefore, all genetic experiments are ethical procedures.

Some A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Gnomes are not humans.

Not all birds can fly.

No non-A are B. (T) Contrary

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

There are mountains on the horizon.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the predicate term is:

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

All non-A are B. (T) No non-A are B.

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Pansies are flowers.

In Categorical Proposition 1B:

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the copula is:

It is false that some vampires are sun worshippers. Therefore, it is false that all vampires are sun worshippers.

Meerkats are not lizards.

All A are non-B. (F) No A are non-B.

Some toys are not safe playthings. Therefore, some toys are unsafe playthings.

It is false that no genetic experiments are ethical procedures. Therefore, all genetic experiments are ethical procedures.

Some A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters