Question 1

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Question 2

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition.

Question 3

Elms are not evergreens.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some evergreens are not elms. 
B)  No things identical to elms are things identical to evergreens. 
C)  No non-evergreens are elms. 
D)  All elms are not evergreens. 
E)  No elms are evergreens. 
A)  Some evergreens are not elms. 
B)  No things identical to elms are things identical to evergreens. 
C)  No non-evergreens are elms. 
D)  All elms are not evergreens. 
E)  No elms are evergreens.

Question 4

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 5

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 3. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 3. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1.

Question 6

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded.

Question 7

Some reclusive gnomes are not playful sprites. Therefore, some playful sprites are not reclusive gnomes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid.

Question 8

In Categorical Proposition 1A:

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
D)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed. 
A)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
D)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed.

Question 9

It is false that some cases of genocide are not attacks on humanity. Therefore, it is false that no cases of genocide are attacks on humanity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 10

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quantity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Particular. 
D)  Some. 
E)  Universal. 
A)  Negative. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Particular. 
D)  Some. 
E)  Universal.

Question 11

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  Some B are not A. (F) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (F) 
A)  Some B are not A. (F) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (F)

Question 12

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
A)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Question 13

An avocado is not a vegetable.

Accepted Answer

A)  All avocados are not vegetables. 
B)  No things identical to avocados are things identical to vegetables. 
C)  No avocados are vegetables. 
D)  No vegetables are things like avocados. 
E)  Some avocados are not vegetables. 
A)  All avocados are not vegetables. 
B)  No things identical to avocados are things identical to vegetables. 
C)  No avocados are vegetables. 
D)  No vegetables are things like avocados. 
E)  Some avocados are not vegetables.

Question 14

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
A)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1.

Question 15

The categorical proposition "Some debts are causes of insomnia" is an:

Accepted Answer

A)  U-type. 
B)  I-type. 
C)  A-type. 
D)  O-type. 
E)  E-type. 
A)  U-type. 
B)  I-type. 
C)  A-type. 
D)  O-type. 
E)  E-type.

Question 16

Some painkillers are not addictive medicines. Therefore, some painkillers are addictive medicines.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 17

No griffins are flightless predators. Therefore, all griffins are flying predators.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 18

Some restaurants are not high tech operations. Therefore, no restaurants are high tech operations.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary.

Question 19

Not every house was damaged.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some houses were not damaged. 
B)  Some houses are things that were damaged. 
C)  No houses were damaged. 
D)  Some houses are not things that were damaged. 
E)  All houses are not things that were damaged. 
A)  Some houses were not damaged. 
B)  Some houses are things that were damaged. 
C)  No houses were damaged. 
D)  Some houses are not things that were damaged. 
E)  All houses are not things that were damaged.

Question 20

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T) 
A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T)

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Elms are not evergreens.

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some reclusive gnomes are not playful sprites. Therefore, some playful sprites are not reclusive gnomes.

In Categorical Proposition 1A:

It is false that some cases of genocide are not attacks on humanity. Therefore, it is false that no cases of genocide are attacks on humanity.

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quantity is:

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

An avocado is not a vegetable.

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

The categorical proposition "Some debts are causes of insomnia" is an:

Some painkillers are not addictive medicines. Therefore, some painkillers are addictive medicines.

No griffins are flightless predators. Therefore, all griffins are flying predators.

Some restaurants are not high tech operations. Therefore, no restaurants are high tech operations.

Not every house was damaged.

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Elms are not evergreens.

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some reclusive gnomes are not playful sprites. Therefore, some playful sprites are not reclusive gnomes.

In Categorical Proposition 1A:

It is false that some cases of genocide are not attacks on humanity. Therefore, it is false that no cases of genocide are attacks on humanity.

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quantity is:

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

An avocado is not a vegetable.

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

The categorical proposition "Some debts are causes of insomnia" is an:

Some painkillers are not addictive medicines. Therefore, some painkillers are addictive medicines.

No griffins are flightless predators. Therefore, all griffins are flying predators.

Some restaurants are not high tech operations. Therefore, no restaurants are high tech operations.

Not every house was damaged.

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters