Question 1

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.

Question 2

He says whatever comes to mind.

Accepted Answer

A)  All things he says are things that come to mind. 
B)  Some things he says are things that come to mind. 
C)  No things that do not come to mind are things he says. 
D)  All persons identical to him say whatever comes to mind. 
E)  All things that come to mind are things he says. 
A)  All things he says are things that come to mind. 
B)  Some things he says are things that come to mind. 
C)  No things that do not come to mind are things he says. 
D)  All persons identical to him say whatever comes to mind. 
E)  All things that come to mind are things he says.

Question 3

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T) 
A)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T)

Question 4

Given the categorical proposition "Some asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
B)  Some asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
C)  No asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors. 
D)  No asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
E)  All asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors. 
A)  All asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
B)  Some asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
C)  No asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors. 
D)  No asset protection trusts are arrangements for cheating creditors. 
E)  All asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors.

Question 5

It is false that no nurses are health care workers. Therefore, all nurses are health care workers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 6

Some rabbits are not birds. Therefore, no rabbits are birds.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
A)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contrary.

Question 7

It is false that all diets are programs that retard aging. Therefore, no diets are programs that retard aging.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary.

Question 8

In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quality is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  Affirmative. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Are not. 
A)  Are. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  Affirmative. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Are not.

Question 9

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
B)  There is an X in Area 1 and an X in Area 3. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
A)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
B)  There is an X in Area 1 and an X in Area 3. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1.

Question 10

It is false that some teacups are flowerpots. Therefore, some teacups are not flowerpots.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy.

Question 11

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
B)  Some persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
C)  All astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
D)  No astronomers are persons not allowed in the observatory. 
E)  All persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
A)  Some astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
B)  Some persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
C)  All astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
D)  No astronomers are persons not allowed in the observatory. 
E)  All persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers.

Question 12

Given the categorical proposition "No musicians are steam fitters." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All musicians are steam fitters. 
B)  All musicians are not steam fitters. 
C)  Some musicians are steam fitters. 
D)  Some musicians are not steam fitters. 
E)  All steam fitters are musicians. 
A)  All musicians are steam fitters. 
B)  All musicians are not steam fitters. 
C)  Some musicians are steam fitters. 
D)  Some musicians are not steam fitters. 
E)  All steam fitters are musicians.

Question 13

All non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are not B. (T) 
B)  Some A are not B. (T) 
C)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
D)  All non-B are A. (F) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (T) 
A)  All non-A are not B. (T) 
B)  Some A are not B. (T) 
C)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
D)  All non-B are A. (F) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (T)

Question 14

An agate is not precious.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some agates are not precious stones. 
B)  All agates are not precious stones. 
C)  No things identical to an agate are stones that are precious. 
D)  No agates are precious stones. 
E)  All non-precious stones are stones that are not agates. 
A)  Some agates are not precious stones. 
B)  All agates are not precious stones. 
C)  No things identical to an agate are stones that are precious. 
D)  No agates are precious stones. 
E)  All non-precious stones are stones that are not agates.

Question 15

In Categorical Proposition 1G, the predicate term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Paintings that are not characteristic of the Byzantine period. 
B)  Auctioned by Christie's. 
C)  Works that are not being auctioned by Christie's. 
D)  Works. 
E)  None of these. 
A)  Paintings that are not characteristic of the Byzantine period. 
B)  Auctioned by Christie's. 
C)  Works that are not being auctioned by Christie's. 
D)  Works. 
E)  None of these.

Question 16

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 17

Not all attorneys are successful.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some successful people are not attorneys. 
B)  Some attorneys are successful people and some attorneys are not successful people. 
C)  Some attorneys are not successful. 
D)  Some attorneys are not successful people. 
E)  All attorneys are not successful people. 
A)  Some successful people are not attorneys. 
B)  Some attorneys are successful people and some attorneys are not successful people. 
C)  Some attorneys are not successful. 
D)  Some attorneys are not successful people. 
E)  All attorneys are not successful people.

Question 18

No A are non-B. (T) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  No non-B are A. (T) 
B)  No A are B. (F) 
C)  All non-A are B. (T) 
D)  All A are B. (T) 
E)  All non-A are non-B. (F) 
A)  No non-B are A. (T) 
B)  No A are B. (F) 
C)  All non-A are B. (T) 
D)  All A are B. (T) 
E)  All non-A are non-B. (F)

Question 19

No non-A are non-B. (F) No B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (F) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (F) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
A)  Contraposition. (F) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (F) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.)

Question 20

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

He says whatever comes to mind.

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Given the categorical proposition "Some asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

It is false that no nurses are health care workers. Therefore, all nurses are health care workers.

Some rabbits are not birds. Therefore, no rabbits are birds.

It is false that all diets are programs that retard aging. Therefore, no diets are programs that retard aging.

In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quality is:

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that some teacups are flowerpots. Therefore, some teacups are not flowerpots.

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Given the categorical proposition "No musicians are steam fitters." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

All non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

An agate is not precious.

In Categorical Proposition 1G, the predicate term is:

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Not all attorneys are successful.

No A are non-B. (T) Obversion

No non-A are non-B. (F) No B are A.

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

He says whatever comes to mind.

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Given the categorical proposition "Some asset protection trusts are not arrangements for cheating creditors." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

It is false that no nurses are health care workers. Therefore, all nurses are health care workers.

Some rabbits are not birds. Therefore, no rabbits are birds.

It is false that all diets are programs that retard aging. Therefore, no diets are programs that retard aging.

In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quality is:

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that some teacups are flowerpots. Therefore, some teacups are not flowerpots.

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Given the categorical proposition "No musicians are steam fitters." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

All non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

An agate is not precious.

In Categorical Proposition 1G, the predicate term is:

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Not all attorneys are successful.

No A are non-B. (T) Obversion

No non-A are non-B. (F) No B are A.

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters