Question 1

Briefly explain dose- response analysis.

Accepted Answer

The dose- response analysis allows scientists to quantify the toxicity of a given substance by measuring how much effect a toxicant produces at different doses or how many animals are affected by different doses of the toxic agent. Dose is the amount of toxicant the test animal receives, and the response is the type or magnitude of negative effects the animal exhibits as a result.

Question 2

Infectious disease accounts for _____________% of deaths globally.

Accepted Answer

A) less than 1 
B) almost 70 
C) almost 40 
D) almost 50 
E) almost 25 
A) less than 1 
B) almost 70 
C) almost 40 
D) almost 50 
E) almost 25 E

Question 3

What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

Accepted Answer

They involve large- scale comparisons among groups of people, usually contrasting a group known to have been exposed to a toxicant with a group that has not. They allow for the risk of exposure to a toxicant to be determined. They are realistic, but a long time is required for the results of the studies to be determined. Furthermore, they do not address future effects of new products. Results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously because many factors affect health, and results do not determine cause and effect; they only measure statistical association.

Question 4

Substances that cause harm by affecting the immune system include _____________

Accepted Answer

A) antibiotics 
B) teratogens 
C) allergens 
D) hormones 
E) neurotoxins 
A) antibiotics 
B) teratogens 
C) allergens 
D) hormones 
E) neurotoxins

Question 5

The European Union's experience with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)has shown that ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) human metabolism of these compounds could solve the problem without legislation 
B) economic factors have superceded health concerns 
C) these molecules result in birth ratios of 9 males : 1 female 
D) if the toxin is removed from the environment, concentrations in human tissues fall 
E) these molecules can be rapidly metabolized by decomposers 
A) human metabolism of these compounds could solve the problem without legislation 
B) economic factors have superceded health concerns 
C) these molecules result in birth ratios of 9 males : 1 female 
D) if the toxin is removed from the environment, concentrations in human tissues fall 
E) these molecules can be rapidly metabolized by decomposers

Question 6

Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except _____________

Accepted Answer

A) low birth rates 
B) thyroid hormone abnormalities 
C) gonadal abnormalities 
D) male feminization 
E) lung cancer 
A) low birth rates 
B) thyroid hormone abnormalities 
C) gonadal abnormalities 
D) male feminization 
E) lung cancer

Question 7

The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) focused on the impacts of endocrine- disrupting chemicals on humans 
B) was the first book to dispute claims in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring 
C) was the first book that discussed water pollution problems in Lake Apopka 
D) is credited with starting the environmental movement in the United States 
E) was the first book that discussed environmental problems with DDT 
A) focused on the impacts of endocrine- disrupting chemicals on humans 
B) was the first book to dispute claims in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring 
C) was the first book that discussed water pollution problems in Lake Apopka 
D) is credited with starting the environmental movement in the United States 
E) was the first book that discussed environmental problems with DDT

Question 8

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish.
People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle incoordination, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury.
-Synergistic effects of toxicants _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) are greater than the sum of the effects of the components 
B) always involve synthetic toxicants 
C) typically exhibit additive effects of the individual toxicants 
D) have effects of individual toxicants that tend to cancel one another out 
E) are not numerous in the natural environment 
A) are greater than the sum of the effects of the components 
B) always involve synthetic toxicants 
C) typically exhibit additive effects of the individual toxicants 
D) have effects of individual toxicants that tend to cancel one another out 
E) are not numerous in the natural environment

Question 9

Which of the following are indoor chemical hazards?

Accepted Answer

A) PCBs 
B) wastewater toxicants 
C) petroleum and toxic waste tanks tank leaks 
D) DDT and DDE 
E) radon and asbestos 
A) PCBs 
B) wastewater toxicants 
C) petroleum and toxic waste tanks tank leaks 
D) DDT and DDE 
E) radon and asbestos

Question 10

The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to _____________

Accepted Answer

A) end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous 
B) reduce global warming 
C) reduce the ecological footprints of people around the world 
D) educate women about birth control 
E) prevent the spread of the AIDS 
A) end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous 
B) reduce global warming 
C) reduce the ecological footprints of people around the world 
D) educate women about birth control 
E) prevent the spread of the AIDS

Question 11

Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of pollution because _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) both kinds of animals are vertebrates, and the metabolism of these organisms is most like ours 
B) most chemicals are water- soluble and thus can easily enter these organisms 
C) all chemical toxicants are found in water 
D) they are easy to catch 
E) these organisms are the most abundant on earth 
A) both kinds of animals are vertebrates, and the metabolism of these organisms is most like ours 
B) most chemicals are water- soluble and thus can easily enter these organisms 
C) all chemical toxicants are found in water 
D) they are easy to catch 
E) these organisms are the most abundant on earth

Question 12

Neurotoxin that magnifies within food webs; typically found in polluted bodies of water; it poisoned thousands of people when it was dumped into a Japanese bay; people who ate contaminated fish from the waters exhibited convulsions, slurred speech, loss of muscle control, and sudden fits of laughter; some people died

Accepted Answer

A) bisphenol- A 
B) arsenic 
C) aldicarb 
D) lead 
E) asbestos
F)DDT
G)cadmium
H)atrazine
I)thalidomide
J)nicotine
K)mercury 
A) bisphenol- A 
B) arsenic 
C) aldicarb 
D) lead 
E) asbestos
F)DDT
G)cadmium
H)atrazine
I)thalidomide
J)nicotine
K)mercury

Question 13

FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) is enforced by the FDA 
B) was originally enacted to protect public health 
C) and its later amendments charge the EPA with registering new pesticides and regulating their sale, use, and labeling 
D) was enacted in the 1960s 
E) was originally enacted to protect the environment 
A) is enforced by the FDA 
B) was originally enacted to protect public health 
C) and its later amendments charge the EPA with registering new pesticides and regulating their sale, use, and labeling 
D) was enacted in the 1960s 
E) was originally enacted to protect the environment

Question 14

According to a 2002 study by scientists at the National Water- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), ____________% of U.S. streams contain traces of wastewater contaminants.

Accepted Answer

A) less than 1 
B) 50 
C) 10 
D) 80 
E) 100 
A) less than 1 
B) 50 
C) 10 
D) 80 
E) 100

Question 15

Explain risk assessment and risk management. Discuss how risk management combines science and other social factors.

Accepted Answer

The first step in risk assessment determ

Question 16

____________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a)short persistence time(s).

Accepted Answer

A) DDT 
B) PBDEs 
C) Bt 
D) DDE 
E) PCBs 
A) DDT 
B) PBDEs 
C) Bt 
D) DDE 
E) PCBs

Question 17

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish.
People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle incoordination, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury.
-The ____________ registers and regulates pesticides in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) FDA 
B) PRA 
C) EPA 
D) BLM 
E) USDA 
A) FDA 
B) PRA 
C) EPA 
D) BLM 
E) USDA

Question 18

Use the accompanying figures to answer the following question.
-The flat line at the left in (b)probably represents _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) the body's physiological processes coping with low doses of a toxicant 
B) competing effects of some other substance whose effect wasn't measured 
C) the fact that no toxicant was introduced until the response line begins to rise 
D) that no data were collected for the flatline area 
E) the fact that there is no physiological effect of the toxicant at low doses 
A) the body's physiological processes coping with low doses of a toxicant 
B) competing effects of some other substance whose effect wasn't measured 
C) the fact that no toxicant was introduced until the response line begins to rise 
D) that no data were collected for the flatline area 
E) the fact that there is no physiological effect of the toxicant at low doses

Question 19

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish.
People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle incoordination, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury.
-Which of the following U.S. agencies is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution?

Accepted Answer

A) USDA 
B) DOE 
C) OSHA 
D) BLM 
E) EPA 
A) USDA 
B) DOE 
C) OSHA 
D) BLM 
E) EPA

Question 20

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish.
People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle incoordination, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury.
-Concentrations of methyl mercury are higher in large fish than in their prey and in the air. This is best described as ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) synergism 
B) bioaccumulation 
C) distillation 
D) toxification 
E) biomagnification 
A) synergism 
B) bioaccumulation 
C) distillation 
D) toxification 
E) biomagnification

Briefly explain dose- response analysis.

Infectious disease accounts for _____________% of deaths globally.

What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

Substances that cause harm by affecting the immune system include _____________

The European Union's experience with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)has shown that ____________.

Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except _____________

The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ____________.

Which of the following are indoor chemical hazards?

The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to _____________

Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of pollution because _____________.

FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) ____________.

According to a 2002 study by scientists at the National Water- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), ____________% of U.S. streams contain traces of wastewater contaminants.

Explain risk assessment and risk management. Discuss how risk management combines science and other social factors.

____________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a)short persistence time(s).

Use the accompanying figures to answer the following question. -The flat line at the left in (b)probably represents _____________.

Science and Sustainability: an Introduction to Environmental Science

Earths Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology

Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology

Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development

Environmental Policy: Making Decisions and Solving Problems

Human Population

Soil and Agriculture

Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

The Urban Environment: Creating Sustainable Cities

Freshwater Systems and Resources

Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Atmospheric Science, Air Quality, and Pollution Control

Global Climate Change

Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

Conventional Energy Alternatives

New Renewable Energy Alternatives

Managing Our Waste

Minerals and Mining

Sustainable Solutions

Filters

Exam 14: Environmental Health and Toxicology

Briefly explain dose- response analysis.

Infectious disease accounts for _____________% of deaths globally.

What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

Substances that cause harm by affecting the immune system include _____________

The European Union's experience with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)has shown that ____________.

Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except _____________

The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ____________.

Which of the following are indoor chemical hazards?

The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to _____________

Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of pollution because _____________.

FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) ____________.

According to a 2002 study by scientists at the National Water- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), ____________% of U.S. streams contain traces of wastewater contaminants.

Explain risk assessment and risk management. Discuss how risk management combines science and other social factors.

____________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a)short persistence time(s).

Use the accompanying figures to answer the following question. -The flat line at the left in (b)probably represents _____________.

Science and Sustainability: an Introduction to Environmental Science

Earths Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology

Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology

Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development

Environmental Policy: Making Decisions and Solving Problems

Human Population

Soil and Agriculture

Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

The Urban Environment: Creating Sustainable Cities

Freshwater Systems and Resources

Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Atmospheric Science, Air Quality, and Pollution Control

Global Climate Change

Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

Conventional Energy Alternatives

New Renewable Energy Alternatives

Managing Our Waste

Minerals and Mining

Sustainable Solutions

Filters