Question 1

Septic shock is frequently caused by infections involving:

Accepted Answer

A)  gram-negative endotoxin-producing bacteria. 
B)  spore-forming saprophytic fungi. 
C)  free-swimming, motile parasitic protozoa. 
D)  parasitic nematodes. 
A)  gram-negative endotoxin-producing bacteria. 
B)  spore-forming saprophytic fungi. 
C)  free-swimming, motile parasitic protozoa. 
D)  parasitic nematodes.

Question 2

A dissecting aortic aneurysm develops as:

Accepted Answer

A)  a dilation or bulge that develops at one point on the aortic wall. 
B)  a thrombus that accumulates at a point in the aortic wall. 
C)  a section of the aorta that weakens and dilates in all directions. 
D)  a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall. 
A)  a dilation or bulge that develops at one point on the aortic wall. 
B)  a thrombus that accumulates at a point in the aortic wall. 
C)  a section of the aorta that weakens and dilates in all directions. 
D)  a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.

Question 3

Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:

Accepted Answer

A)  allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole. 
B)  cannot fully open during systole. 
C)  functions to increase stroke volume. 
D)  does not respond to the cardiac cycle. 
A)  allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole. 
B)  cannot fully open during systole. 
C)  functions to increase stroke volume. 
D)  does not respond to the cardiac cycle.

Question 4

Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased intraventricular pressure 
B)  Depolarization at the AV node 
C)  Ventricular relaxation and backflow of blood 
D)  Contraction of the atria 
A)  Increased intraventricular pressure 
B)  Depolarization at the AV node 
C)  Ventricular relaxation and backflow of blood 
D)  Contraction of the atria

Question 5

The event that causes the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is:

Accepted Answer

A)  atrial depolarization. 
B)  atrial repolarization. 
C)  ventricular depolarization. 
D)  ventricular repolarization. 
A)  atrial depolarization. 
B)  atrial repolarization. 
C)  ventricular depolarization. 
D)  ventricular repolarization.

Question 6

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Accepted Answer

A)  brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing. 
B)  persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse. 
C)  bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea. 
D)  flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness. 
A)  brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing. 
B)  persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse. 
C)  bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea. 
D)  flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

Question 7

Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  reduced venous return. 
D)  friction rub. 
A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  reduced venous return. 
D)  friction rub.

Question 8

The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body. 
B)  temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery. 
C)  total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis. 
D)  irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries. 
A)  cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body. 
B)  temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery. 
C)  total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis. 
D)  irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

Question 9

The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is:

Accepted Answer

A)  trauma. 
B)  congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins. 
C)  infection. 
D)  increased venous pressure. 
A)  trauma. 
B)  congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins. 
C)  infection. 
D)  increased venous pressure.

Question 10

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoptysis and rales. 
B)  distended neck veins and flushed face. 
C)  bradycardia and weak pulse. 
D)  cardiomegaly. 
A)  hemoptysis and rales. 
B)  distended neck veins and flushed face. 
C)  bradycardia and weak pulse. 
D)  cardiomegaly.

Question 11

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation?
1) Decreased viscosity of the blood
2) Damaged blood vessel walls
3) Immobility
4) Prosthetic valves

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 3 
B) 2, 4 
C) 1, 3, 4 
D) 2, 3, 4 
A) 1, 3 
B) 2, 4 
C) 1, 3, 4 
D) 2, 3, 4

Question 12

Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  first-degree block. 
B)  second-degree block. 
C)  bundle-branch block. 
D)  total heart block. 
A)  first-degree block. 
B)  second-degree block. 
C)  bundle-branch block. 
D)  total heart block.

Question 13

The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:

Accepted Answer

A)  atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  increased heart rate causes palpitations. 
A)  atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  increased heart rate causes palpitations.

Question 14

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B)  It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C)  It is lined by the endocardium. 
D)  It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium. 
A)  It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B)  It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C)  It is lined by the endocardium. 
D)  It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium.

Question 15

Shock develops in patients with severe burns as a result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  extensive hemorrhage. 
B)  pain and loss of plasma. 
C)  direct damage to the heart. 
D)  extensive hemolysis of erythrocytes. 
A)  extensive hemorrhage. 
B)  pain and loss of plasma. 
C)  direct damage to the heart. 
D)  extensive hemolysis of erythrocytes.

Question 16

Effects that may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug include:

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing systemic vasoconstriction. 
B)  decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. 
C)  blockage of an angiotensin receptor site. 
D)  increased release of renin. 
A)  increasing systemic vasoconstriction. 
B)  decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. 
C)  blockage of an angiotensin receptor site. 
D)  increased release of renin.

Question 17

The most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction is:

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation. 
B)  ruptured ventricle or aorta. 
C)  congestive heart failure. 
D)  cerebrovascular accident. 
A)  cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation. 
B)  ruptured ventricle or aorta. 
C)  congestive heart failure. 
D)  cerebrovascular accident.

Question 18

The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  previously established collateral circulation. 
B)  immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs. 
C)  maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium. 
D)  removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development. 
A)  previously established collateral circulation. 
B)  immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs. 
C)  maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium. 
D)  removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development.

Question 19

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) 
A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)

Question 20

In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Veins of the legs and feet 
B)  Jugular veins 
C)  Pulmonary capillaries 
D)  Blood vessels of the liver and spleen 
A)  Veins of the legs and feet 
B)  Jugular veins 
C)  Pulmonary capillaries 
D)  Blood vessels of the liver and spleen

Exam 12: Cardiovascular System Disorders

Septic shock is frequently caused by infections involving:

A dissecting aortic aneurysm develops as:

Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:

Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

The event that causes the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is:

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:

The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:

The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is:

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation? 1) Decreased viscosity of the blood 2) Damaged blood vessel walls 3) Immobility 4) Prosthetic valves

Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called:

The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity?

Shock develops in patients with severe burns as a result of:

Effects that may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug include:

The most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction is:

The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications Due to Pregnancy

Complications Due to Adolescence

Complications Due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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