Question 1

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Accepted Answer

A) destruction of the bacterium by natural killer cells. 
B) successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C) the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
D) lymphocytes having an increased ability to attack the bacterium. 
A) destruction of the bacterium by natural killer cells. 
B) successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C) the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
D) lymphocytes having an increased ability to attack the bacterium.

Question 2

A dog is exposed to a pathogen that causes its B cells to produce antigen receptors against the pathogen.A week later,the dog is exposed to a similar but different pathogen.What immune response will the dog's immune system go through?

Accepted Answer

A) The dog's immune system will produce a secondary immune response since it was previously exposed to a pathogen. 
B) The dog's immune system will produce a primary immune response since this pathogen was different from the first pathogen. 
C) The dog's immune system will produce a large quantity of histamines because the pathogen is an allergen. 
A) The dog's immune system will produce a secondary immune response since it was previously exposed to a pathogen. 
B) The dog's immune system will produce a primary immune response since this pathogen was different from the first pathogen. 
C) The dog's immune system will produce a large quantity of histamines because the pathogen is an allergen.

Question 3

Antigens are

Accepted Answer

A) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. 
B) foreign molecules that trigger an inflammatory response. 
C) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains. 
D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. 
A) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. 
B) foreign molecules that trigger an inflammatory response. 
C) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains. 
D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

Question 4

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Accepted Answer

A) plasma cell. 
B) cytotoxic T cell. 
C) natural killer cell. 
D) helper T cell. 
A) plasma cell. 
B) cytotoxic T cell. 
C) natural killer cell. 
D) helper T cell.

Question 5

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Accepted Answer

A) reducing the ability of antibodies to attach to mast cells. 
B) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
C) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
D) reducing the number of natural killer cells. 
A) reducing the ability of antibodies to attach to mast cells. 
B) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
C) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
D) reducing the number of natural killer cells.

Question 6

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Accepted Answer

A) B cells contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A) B cells contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Question 7

In the human disease known as lupus,there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells,which categorizes lupus as

Accepted Answer

A) an allergy. 
B) an immunodeficiency. 
C) an autoimmune disease. 
D) an antigenic variation. 
E) a cancer. 
A) an allergy. 
B) an immunodeficiency. 
C) an autoimmune disease. 
D) an antigenic variation. 
E) a cancer.

Question 8

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

Accepted Answer

A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue,but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B) the tissue graft,unlike the bacterium,is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C) a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient. 
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue,but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B) the tissue graft,unlike the bacterium,is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C) a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

Question 9

In active immunity,but not passive immunity,there is

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. 
B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. 
C) the transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta. 
D) the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. 
E) the requirement of secretion of cytokines from T cells. 
A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. 
B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. 
C) the transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta. 
D) the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. 
E) the requirement of secretion of cytokines from T cells.

Question 10

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV,the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.The same student had been infected when she was a child,at which time she merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck.This time,although infected,she does not get sick.
-Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves the

Accepted Answer

A) helper T cells. 
B) memory B cells. 
C) plasma cells. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) natural killer cells. 
A) helper T cells. 
B) memory B cells. 
C) plasma cells. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) natural killer cells.

Question 11

In some insects,such as Drosophila,fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll,which

Accepted Answer

A) acts as a receptor that,when activated,signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens. 
A) acts as a receptor that,when activated,signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens.

Question 12

Activation of helper T cells by an antigen will directly activate

Accepted Answer

A) B cells only. 
B) cytotoxic T cells only. 
C) memory helper T cells only. 
D) B cells and cytotoxic T cells only. 
E) cytotoxic T cells and memory helper cells only. 
A) B cells only. 
B) cytotoxic T cells only. 
C) memory helper T cells only. 
D) B cells and cytotoxic T cells only. 
E) cytotoxic T cells and memory helper cells only.

Question 13

In which of the following persons would the risk of developing a viral-induced cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)be highest?

Accepted Answer

A) an adult with weakened barrier defenses 
B) an adult with a weakened innate immune system 
C) an adult with a weakened adaptive immune system 
A) an adult with weakened barrier defenses 
B) an adult with a weakened innate immune system 
C) an adult with a weakened adaptive immune system

Question 14

A key part of the humoral immune response is

Accepted Answer

A) the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells. 
B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells. 
C) the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens. 
D) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells. 
A) the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells. 
B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells. 
C) the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens. 
D) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C) An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D) A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule. 
A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C) An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D) A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule.

Question 16

Antibodies are made up of

Accepted Answer

A) one heavy chain and one light chain. 
B) two heavy chains and two light chains. 
C) three heavy chains and three light chains. 
D) four heavy chains and four light chains. 
A) one heavy chain and one light chain. 
B) two heavy chains and two light chains. 
C) three heavy chains and three light chains. 
D) four heavy chains and four light chains.

Question 17

Aaleyah has previously donated blood to her cousin Mohammed for a blood transfusion.However,a bone marrow transplant from Aaleyah to Mohammed may not be possible because

Accepted Answer

A) even though Aaleyah's blood type is a match to Mohammed's,her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C) for each gene,there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D) Aaleyah's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E) Mohammed's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant. 
A) even though Aaleyah's blood type is a match to Mohammed's,her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C) for each gene,there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D) Aaleyah's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E) Mohammed's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.

Question 18

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

Accepted Answer

A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V,J,and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells. 
A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V,J,and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

Question 19

The switch of a B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

Accepted Answer

A) mutation in the genes of that B cell,induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA. 
A) mutation in the genes of that B cell,induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

Question 20

What is the main reason that HIV usually cannot be completely eliminated by the body's immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) The virus infects B cells. 
B) The virus does not trigger an innate immune response. 
C) The virus has a high mutation rate. 
D) The virus is too small. 
A) The virus infects B cells. 
B) The virus does not trigger an innate immune response. 
C) The virus has a high mutation rate. 
D) The virus is too small.

Exam 35: The Immune System

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

A dog is exposed to a pathogen that causes its B cells to produce antigen receptors against the pathogen.A week later,the dog is exposed to a similar but different pathogen.What immune response will the dog's immune system go through?

Antigens are

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

In the human disease known as lupus,there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells,which categorizes lupus as

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

In active immunity,but not passive immunity,there is

In some insects,such as Drosophila,fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll,which

Activation of helper T cells by an antigen will directly activate

In which of the following persons would the risk of developing a viral-induced cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)be highest?

A key part of the humoral immune response is

Which of the following statements is not true?

Antibodies are made up of

Aaleyah has previously donated blood to her cousin Mohammed for a blood transfusion.However,a bone marrow transplant from Aaleyah to Mohammed may not be possible because

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

The switch of a B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

What is the main reason that HIV usually cannot be completely eliminated by the body's immune system?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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