Question 1

The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

Accepted Answer

A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 2

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)is important in a T cell's ability to

Accepted Answer

A) trigger an adaptive immune response. 
B) recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C) identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D) identify specific viruses. 
E) trigger an innate immune response. 
A) trigger an adaptive immune response. 
B) recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C) identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D) identify specific viruses. 
E) trigger an innate immune response.

Question 3

Suppose a T cell had no access to the amino acid cysteine.What consequence would this have with regard to the immune response of the T cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Antibodies would not be produced. 
B) Histamine would not be released. 
C) Antigen receptors would not form properly. 
D) CD4 would not bind to MHC II molecules. 
A) Antibodies would not be produced. 
B) Histamine would not be released. 
C) Antigen receptors would not form properly. 
D) CD4 would not bind to MHC II molecules.

Question 4

Inflammatory responses typically include

Accepted Answer

A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow. 
A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

Question 5

Immunological memory accounts for

Accepted Answer

A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E) the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens. 
A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E) the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens.

Question 6

An invertebrate,such as an insect,has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

Accepted Answer

A) complement. 
B) lysozyme. 
C) mucus. 
D) neutrophils. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) complement. 
B) lysozyme. 
C) mucus. 
D) neutrophils. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 7

A researcher suspects that a weakened immune response may be due to poor antigen presentation.Which experiment would best test this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) Expose B cells to different antigens,and measure the proliferation rate. 
B) Expose T cells to different antigens,and identify what is bound to the MHC molecules. 
C) Expose natural killer cells to different antigens,and quantify the amount of chemicals released. 
A) Expose B cells to different antigens,and measure the proliferation rate. 
B) Expose T cells to different antigens,and identify what is bound to the MHC molecules. 
C) Expose natural killer cells to different antigens,and quantify the amount of chemicals released.

Question 8

Suppose you get a cut on your finger,and bacteria enter your skin through the cut.What would be the immediate response by your immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) Apoptosis of nearby body cells would occur. 
B) Interferons would be released. 
C) Natural killer cells would be activated. 
D) The complement system would be activated. 
A) Apoptosis of nearby body cells would occur. 
B) Interferons would be released. 
C) Natural killer cells would be activated. 
D) The complement system would be activated.

Question 9

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A) influenza,a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital),whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma,which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely does so in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold,which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
A) influenza,a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital),whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma,which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely does so in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold,which recurs in patients many times in their lives.

Question 10

According to the graph,B cells will first produce effector cells

Accepted Answer

A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 0 and 7 days and between 7 and 14 days. 
E) between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 0 and 7 days and between 7 and 14 days. 
E) between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 11

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

Accepted Answer

A) natural killer cells. 
B) memory cells. 
C) macrophages. 
D) B cells. 
E) T cells. 
A) natural killer cells. 
B) memory cells. 
C) macrophages. 
D) B cells. 
E) T cells.

Question 12

Fruit flies normally produce two types of antimicrobial peptides (defensin and drosomycin).Mutant fruit flies were generated that produced no antimicrobial peptides,defensin only,or drosomycin only.Wild-type flies and the mutant flies were then tested for survival after infection with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.What statement about these data is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Drosomycin likely protects fruit flies by activating an adaptive immune response. 
B) Drosomycin and defensin are equally effective at protecting fruit flies from the bacterial infection. 
C) Defensin likely protects fruit flies by activating an innate immune response. 
D) After five days,greater than 90% of mutant fruit flies are dead. 
A) Drosomycin likely protects fruit flies by activating an adaptive immune response. 
B) Drosomycin and defensin are equally effective at protecting fruit flies from the bacterial infection. 
C) Defensin likely protects fruit flies by activating an innate immune response. 
D) After five days,greater than 90% of mutant fruit flies are dead.

Question 13

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Accepted Answer

A) the influenza virus,which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B) the strep bacteria,which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C) human papillomavirus,which can remain latent for several years. 
D) the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E) multiple sclerosis,which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system. 
A) the influenza virus,which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B) the strep bacteria,which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C) human papillomavirus,which can remain latent for several years. 
D) the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E) multiple sclerosis,which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system.

Question 14

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells.T cells have antigen receptors that

Accepted Answer

A) are active only in lymph nodes. 
B) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D) bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells. 
E) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. 
A) are active only in lymph nodes. 
B) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D) bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells. 
E) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells.

Question 15

Fruit flies normally produce two types of antimicrobial peptides (defensin and drosomycin).Mutant fruit flies were generated that produced no antimicrobial peptides,defensin only,or drosomycin only.Wild-type flies and the mutant flies were then tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.The results are shown in Figures 35.1 and 35.2.   Figure 35.1  
Figure 35.2
The results shown in Figures 35.1 and 35.2 support the hypothesis that

Accepted Answer

A) the defensin gene exacerbates fungal infections in flies. 
B) the drosomycin gene protects flies from bacterial infection. 
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
A) the defensin gene exacerbates fungal infections in flies. 
B) the drosomycin gene protects flies from bacterial infection. 
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents.

Question 16

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Accepted Answer

A) large numbers of neutrophils. 
B) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D) long-lived red blood cells that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
A) large numbers of neutrophils. 
B) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D) long-lived red blood cells that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

Question 17

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen,it is necessary that

Accepted Answer

A) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous.

Question 18

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Accepted Answer

A) antibodies. 
B) antigens. 
C) natural killer cells. 
D) double-stranded RNA. 
E) immunoglobulins. 
A) antibodies. 
B) antigens. 
C) natural killer cells. 
D) double-stranded RNA. 
E) immunoglobulins.

Question 19

There is a mutation in the gene for CD4 in a helper T cell such that it is transcribed and translated,but it cannot bind to class II MHC molecules.What effect will this have on the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) Histamine would not be produced at all. 
B) Cytotoxic T cells would not be as effective as normal. 
C) Antibodies would not be produced as readily. 
D) Lymphocytes would not differentiate as quickly. 
A) Histamine would not be produced at all. 
B) Cytotoxic T cells would not be as effective as normal. 
C) Antibodies would not be produced as readily. 
D) Lymphocytes would not differentiate as quickly.

Question 20

The number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous.However,an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

Accepted Answer

A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles,but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow,it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus,it can only respond to two MHC categories. 
A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles,but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow,it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus,it can only respond to two MHC categories.

Exam 35: The Immune System

The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)is important in a T cell's ability to

Suppose a T cell had no access to the amino acid cysteine.What consequence would this have with regard to the immune response of the T cell?

Inflammatory responses typically include

Immunological memory accounts for

An invertebrate,such as an insect,has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

A researcher suspects that a weakened immune response may be due to poor antigen presentation.Which experiment would best test this hypothesis?

Suppose you get a cut on your finger,and bacteria enter your skin through the cut.What would be the immediate response by your immune system?

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

According to the graph,B cells will first produce effector cells

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells.T cells have antigen receptors that

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen,it is necessary that

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

There is a mutation in the gene for CD4 in a helper T cell such that it is transcribed and translated,but it cannot bind to class II MHC molecules.What effect will this have on the adaptive immune response?

The number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous.However,an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

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Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

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