Question 1

People often engage in behaviour that is reinforcing in the short term but is not in their long-term interest. This reflects the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  the immediacy of reinforcement. 
B)  their level of motivation. 
C)  the schedule of reinforcement. 
D)  the magnitude of reinforcement. 
A)  the immediacy of reinforcement. 
B)  their level of motivation. 
C)  the schedule of reinforcement. 
D)  the magnitude of reinforcement.

Question 2

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Accepted Answer

A)  the sound of the can opener 
B)  Sylvester's owner 
C)  food other than his 
D)  the tuna 
A)  the sound of the can opener 
B)  Sylvester's owner 
C)  food other than his 
D)  the tuna

Question 3

Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a part of her life. She responds to the click of a camera with a slight contraction of her pupils, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This contraction of her pupils is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an unconditioned response. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  a discriminatory response. 
D)  a reflexive response. 
A)  an unconditioned response. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  a discriminatory response. 
D)  a reflexive response.

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the four factors identified in the text that influences classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  the duration of the unconditioned response 
B)  the number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus 
C)  the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus 
D)  the reliability of the conditioned stimulus predicting the unconditioned stimulus 
A)  the duration of the unconditioned response 
B)  the number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus 
C)  the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus 
D)  the reliability of the conditioned stimulus predicting the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus. 
A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Conditioning occurs most quickly when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus occur at the same time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

How does the violence on television promote violence in real life?

Accepted Answer

A)  It simply indicates how to get what you want. 
B)  It makes it appear acceptable. 
C)  It acts as a negative reinforcer. 
D)  It shows us the real outcome of violent actions. 
A)  It simply indicates how to get what you want. 
B)  It makes it appear acceptable. 
C)  It acts as a negative reinforcer. 
D)  It shows us the real outcome of violent actions.

Question 8

The schedule of reinforcement that requires subjects to make a certain number of correct responses to receive a reward is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-ratio schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  fixed-interval schedule. 
A)  variable-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-ratio schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  fixed-interval schedule.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of the partial-reinforcement effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced rather than continuously reinforced are easier to extinguish. 
B)  Partial reinforcement results in greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. 
C)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced tend only to occur part of the time. 
D)  Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement in the acquisition of new behaviours. 
A)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced rather than continuously reinforced are easier to extinguish. 
B)  Partial reinforcement results in greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. 
C)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced tend only to occur part of the time. 
D)  Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement in the acquisition of new behaviours.

Question 10

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

Accepted Answer

A)  salivating to the tone. 
B)  the meat powder. 
C)  the tone. 
D)  the meat powder's influence on salivating. 
A)  salivating to the tone. 
B)  the meat powder. 
C)  the tone. 
D)  the meat powder's influence on salivating.

Question 11

If you perform an action and its consequence is positive reinforcement, your tendency to perform the same action again

Accepted Answer

A)  remains unchanged. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  becomes cognitively associated with the original stimuli that triggered it. 
D)  increases. 
A)  remains unchanged. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  becomes cognitively associated with the original stimuli that triggered it. 
D)  increases.

Question 12

Learning is the only type of change in performance that results in a permanent change.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Sarah constantly watches professional basketball games. Sometimes after watching, she goes to her backyard hoop and tries it out. Her change in behaviour due to watching the games can best be explained as

Accepted Answer

A)  operant learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  modelling. 
A)  operant learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  modelling.

Question 14

Which of the following occur in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. 
B)  extinction and generalization 
C)  generalization and discrimination 
D)  extinction, generalization, and discrimination 
A)  extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. 
B)  extinction and generalization 
C)  generalization and discrimination 
D)  extinction, generalization, and discrimination

Question 15

What is the partial-reinforcement effect?

Accepted Answer

A pattern of reinforcement in which some

Question 16

Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  learning by insight. 
A)  observational learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  learning by insight.

Question 17

One problem with token economies is that

Accepted Answer

A)  subjects tend to demand escalating rewards. 
B)  behaviours tend to be permanently altered, and sometimes this is not desirable if they are specific to the situation. 
C)  learned behaviour generally stops once the tokens are discontinued. 
D)  they tend to work in mild situations, but rarely are effective in difficult situations like prisons or special needs classrooms. 
A)  subjects tend to demand escalating rewards. 
B)  behaviours tend to be permanently altered, and sometimes this is not desirable if they are specific to the situation. 
C)  learned behaviour generally stops once the tokens are discontinued. 
D)  they tend to work in mild situations, but rarely are effective in difficult situations like prisons or special needs classrooms.

Question 18

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

Accepted Answer

A)  are not relatively permanent. 
B)  do not result from experience. 
C)  have not been reinforced. 
D)  are not always overt. 
A)  are not relatively permanent. 
B)  do not result from experience. 
C)  have not been reinforced. 
D)  are not always overt.

Question 19

Research by Watson and Rayners early in the last century suggested that human beings can sometimes acquire ________ through classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  strong fears 
B)  new skills 
C)  parental instincts 
D)  intense disgust 
A)  strong fears 
B)  new skills 
C)  parental instincts 
D)  intense disgust

Question 20

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the loud noise is the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus. 
A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

People often engage in behaviour that is reinforcing in the short term but is not in their long-term interest. This reflects the influence of

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a part of her life. She responds to the click of a camera with a slight contraction of her pupils, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This contraction of her pupils is an example of

Which of the following is not one of the four factors identified in the text that influences classical conditioning?

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

Conditioning occurs most quickly when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus occur at the same time.

How does the violence on television promote violence in real life?

The schedule of reinforcement that requires subjects to make a certain number of correct responses to receive a reward is called a

Which of the following statements is true of the partial-reinforcement effect?

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

If you perform an action and its consequence is positive reinforcement, your tendency to perform the same action again

Learning is the only type of change in performance that results in a permanent change.

Sarah constantly watches professional basketball games. Sometimes after watching, she goes to her backyard hoop and tries it out. Her change in behaviour due to watching the games can best be explained as

Which of the following occur in operant conditioning?

What is the partial-reinforcement effect?

Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

One problem with token economies is that

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

Research by Watson and Rayners early in the last century suggested that human beings can sometimes acquire ________ through classical conditioning.

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the loud noise is the

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Exam 5: Learning

People often engage in behaviour that is reinforcing in the short term but is not in their long-term interest. This reflects the influence of

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a part of her life. She responds to the click of a camera with a slight contraction of her pupils, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This contraction of her pupils is an example of

Which of the following is not one of the four factors identified in the text that influences classical conditioning?

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

Conditioning occurs most quickly when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus occur at the same time.

How does the violence on television promote violence in real life?

The schedule of reinforcement that requires subjects to make a certain number of correct responses to receive a reward is called a

Which of the following statements is true of the partial-reinforcement effect?

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

If you perform an action and its consequence is positive reinforcement, your tendency to perform the same action again

Learning is the only type of change in performance that results in a permanent change.

Sarah constantly watches professional basketball games. Sometimes after watching, she goes to her backyard hoop and tries it out. Her change in behaviour due to watching the games can best be explained as

Which of the following occur in operant conditioning?

What is the partial-reinforcement effect?

Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

One problem with token economies is that

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

Research by Watson and Rayners early in the last century suggested that human beings can sometimes acquire ________ through classical conditioning.

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the loud noise is the

Introduction to Psychology

Biology and Behaviour

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Development

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Personality, Theory and Assessment

Health and Stress

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters