Exam 16: The Digestive System

Using the letter code, indicate the effect each item on the left side of the blank has on the secretion rate of the hormone on the right side of the blank. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) A) increases B) decreases C) has little or no effect on Increased TSH _____ thyroid hormone Increased TRH _____ TSH Increased thyroid hormone _____ TSH Decreased iodine in the diet _____ thyroid hormone Increased ACTH _____ aldosterone Increased ACTH _____ cortisol Stress _____ cortisol Stress _____ epinephrine Increased renin-angiotensin _____ aldosterone Increased plasma K⁺ _____ aldosterone Increased blood glucose _____ insulin Increased blood glucose _____ glucagon Increased plasma Ca²⁺ _____ parathyroid hormone Increased plasma Ca²⁺ _____ calcitonin Increased TSH _____ calcitonin Increased plasma PO₄^3- _____ parathyroid hormone

Match the hormones, labelled a. through k., with their correct characteristics. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.ACTH b.aldosterone c.calcitonin d.cortisol e.DHEA f.epinephrine g.glucagon h.insulin i.parathyroid hormone j.thyroid hormone k.vitamin D -stimulates cortisol secretion

The adrenal medulla is actually a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Cortisol is the primary mineralocorticoid.

Aldosterone encourages K⁺ secretion into the urine. Which of the following situations results from the conditions in which excess aldosterone is secreted?

Elevated blood amino acid levels stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon, even though they exert opposite effects on blood amino acid concentration.

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits the secretion of insulin.

Which of the following is characteristic of Conn's syndrome?

Match the hormone abnormalities, labelled a. through n., with the symptoms listed. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.catecholamine excess b.catecholamine deficiency c.mineralocorticoid excess d.glucocorticoid excess e.mineralocorticoid glucocorticoid deficiency f.adrenal androgen excess in adult women g.adrenal androgen excess in prepubertal boys h.adrenal androgen excess before birth in females i.parathyroid hormone deficiency j.parathyroid hormone excess k.vitamin D deficiency l.vitamin D excess m.insulin deficiency n.insulin excess -hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, low blood pressure, low blood glucose, poor response to stress

Which of these statements describes calcitonin?

An increase in plasma PO₄ concentration forces a reduction in plasma Ca²⁺ as a result of the inverse relationship between plasma PO₄ and Ca²⁺ levels.

Match the biochemical processes, labelled a. through e., with their features. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.gluconeogenesis b.glycogenesis c.glycogenolysis d.both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis e.all of these answers -conversion of amino acids into glucose

Match the hormones, labelled a. through k., with their correct characteristics. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.ACTH b.aldosterone c.calcitonin d.cortisol e.DHEA f.epinephrine g.glucagon h.insulin i.parathyroid hormone j.thyroid hormone k.vitamin D -increases osteoblast activity

Most of the secreted T₃ is converted into T₄ outside the thyroid gland.

Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids yields a group of compounds called _____________________, which can be utilized by the brain for energy during starvation.

Calcitonin is produced by the ____________________ of the ____________________.

Match the hormone abnormalities, labelled a. through n., with the symptoms listed. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.catecholamine excess b.catecholamine deficiency c.mineralocorticoid excess d.glucocorticoid excess e.mineralocorticoid glucocorticoid deficiency f.adrenal androgen excess in adult women g.adrenal androgen excess in prepubertal boys h.adrenal androgen excess before birth in females i.parathyroid hormone deficiency j.parathyroid hormone excess k.vitamin D deficiency l.vitamin D excess m.insulin deficiency n.insulin excess -hypercalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, thinning of bone, Ca²⁺-containing kidney stones, reduced excitability of neuromuscular system, cardiac disturbances

The "iodine pump" actively transports hormone-bound iodine from the thyroid gland into the circulation.

Which statement describes aldosterone?

Which of these statements does NOT describe thyroid hormones?