Question 1

Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

A)  excretion; secretion 
B)  filtration; absorption 
C)  secretion; filtration 
D)  absorption; loss 
E)  osmosis; gain 
A)  excretion; secretion 
B)  filtration; absorption 
C)  secretion; filtration 
D)  absorption; loss 
E)  osmosis; gain

Question 2

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder is called

Accepted Answer

A)  cystitis. 
B)  pyelitis. 
C)  urethritis. 
D)  nephrolithiasis. 
E)  nephritis. 
A)  cystitis. 
B)  pyelitis. 
C)  urethritis. 
D)  nephrolithiasis. 
E)  nephritis.

Question 3

In the nephron loop,

Accepted Answer

A)  active secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs occurs. 
B)  ion pumps, which respond to aldosterone, exist. 
C)  reabsorption of ions, amino acids, water, and other organic nutrients is its primary function. 
D)  two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions remaining in the tubular fluid are reabsorbed. 
E)  final adjustments are made in the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid. 
A)  active secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs occurs. 
B)  ion pumps, which respond to aldosterone, exist. 
C)  reabsorption of ions, amino acids, water, and other organic nutrients is its primary function. 
D)  two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions remaining in the tubular fluid are reabsorbed. 
E)  final adjustments are made in the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid.

Question 4

ANP release is stimulated when

Accepted Answer

A)  angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. 
B)  the rate of sodium ion reabsorption is decreased. 
C)  urinary water retention is too high. 
D)  glomerular filtration is increased. 
E)  blood volume and blood pressure are too high. 
A)  angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. 
B)  the rate of sodium ion reabsorption is decreased. 
C)  urinary water retention is too high. 
D)  glomerular filtration is increased. 
E)  blood volume and blood pressure are too high.

Question 5

Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerulus and glomerular capsule 
B)  glomerulus and renal tubule 
C)  glomerular capsule and renal tubule 
D)  renal tubule and collecting tubule 
E)  pyramid and glomerulus 
A)  glomerulus and glomerular capsule 
B)  glomerulus and renal tubule 
C)  glomerular capsule and renal tubule 
D)  renal tubule and collecting tubule 
E)  pyramid and glomerulus

Question 6

Where does exchange among the subdivisions of the ECF primarily occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  across the endothelial lining of capillaries 
B)  through the lymphatic vessels 
C)  through the CNS ventricles 
D)  in the cytosol of cells 
E)  in the pericardial cavity 
A)  across the endothelial lining of capillaries 
B)  through the lymphatic vessels 
C)  through the CNS ventricles 
D)  in the cytosol of cells 
E)  in the pericardial cavity

Question 7

To achieve fluid balance, ion concentration gradients are eliminated by

Accepted Answer

A)  osmosis. 
B)  diffusion. 
C)  active transport. 
D)  pinocytosis. 
E)  facilitated diffusion. 
A)  osmosis. 
B)  diffusion. 
C)  active transport. 
D)  pinocytosis. 
E)  facilitated diffusion.

Question 8

Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the

Accepted Answer

A)  urethra and ureters. 
B)  kidneys and bladder. 
C)  ureters and kidneys. 
D)  urethra and bladder. 
E)  kidneys and urethra. 
A)  urethra and ureters. 
B)  kidneys and bladder. 
C)  ureters and kidneys. 
D)  urethra and bladder. 
E)  kidneys and urethra.

Question 9

What is the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A)  buffer the pH of the ICF 
B)  contribute to the regulation of pH in both the ECF and ICF 
C)  provide extensive buffering capability in the ICF of active cells 
D)  prevent pH changes caused by organic (metabolic) acids 
E)  provide the use of amino acid side groups in response to pH changes 
A)  buffer the pH of the ICF 
B)  contribute to the regulation of pH in both the ECF and ICF 
C)  provide extensive buffering capability in the ICF of active cells 
D)  prevent pH changes caused by organic (metabolic) acids 
E)  provide the use of amino acid side groups in response to pH changes

Question 10

Regarding sodium balance, which is (are) the most important site(s) for regulating sodium ion losses?

Accepted Answer

A)  the kidneys 
B)  the lungs 
C)  the urinary bladder 
D)  the liver 
E)  the digestive tract 
A)  the kidneys 
B)  the lungs 
C)  the urinary bladder 
D)  the liver 
E)  the digestive tract

Question 11

A 72-year-old male patient complains of having difficulty while urinating. A very likely explanation may be that

Accepted Answer

A)  he has a decreased number of nephrons. 
B)  he is experiencing decreased sensitivity to ADH and aldosterone. 
C)  he is experiencing a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. 
D)  his prostate is enlarged and compresses the urethra. 
E)  he may suffer from metabolic acidosis. 
A)  he has a decreased number of nephrons. 
B)  he is experiencing decreased sensitivity to ADH and aldosterone. 
C)  he is experiencing a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. 
D)  his prostate is enlarged and compresses the urethra. 
E)  he may suffer from metabolic acidosis.

Question 12

Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s) takes place?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are contracted. 
B)  The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed, and the external urethral sphincter is contracted. 
C)  The internal urethral sphincter is contracted, and the external urethral sphincter is relaxed. 
D)  Only the internal urethral sphincter is contracted. 
E)  Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed. 
A)  Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are contracted. 
B)  The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed, and the external urethral sphincter is contracted. 
C)  The internal urethral sphincter is contracted, and the external urethral sphincter is relaxed. 
D)  Only the internal urethral sphincter is contracted. 
E)  Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed.

Question 13

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
-Label G represents which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  urethra 
B)  ureter 
C)  renal pelvis 
D)  hilum 
E)  fibrous capsule 
A)  urethra 
B)  ureter 
C)  renal pelvis 
D)  hilum 
E)  fibrous capsule

Question 14

In response to respiratory alkalosis,

Accepted Answer

A)  the respiratory rate increases. 
B)  the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are further stimulated. 
C)  the kidneys conserve bicarbonate. 
D)  the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. 
E)  the respiratory rate decreases. 
A)  the respiratory rate increases. 
B)  the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are further stimulated. 
C)  the kidneys conserve bicarbonate. 
D)  the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. 
E)  the respiratory rate decreases.

Question 15

ADH is released by cells in the

Accepted Answer

A)  juxtaglomerular complex. 
B)  central nervous system. 
C)  podocytes. 
D)  adrenal glands. 
E)  macula densa. 
A)  juxtaglomerular complex. 
B)  central nervous system. 
C)  podocytes. 
D)  adrenal glands. 
E)  macula densa.

Question 16

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema (an abnormal buildup of serous fluid between tissue cells) in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced). Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the volume of urine produced

Question 17

The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  medulla. 
B)  renal column. 
C)  renal pelvis. 
D)  nephron. 
E)  calyx. 
A)  medulla. 
B)  renal column. 
C)  renal pelvis. 
D)  nephron. 
E)  calyx.

Question 18

Which is true regarding the general characteristics of normal urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacterial content is very high. 
B)  Normal pH range is 2 to 4.5. 
C)  Normal range of volume is 2500 - 3500 mL/day. 
D)  Normal urine is typically 65% water content. 
E)  The osmolarity of normal urine ranges from 855 - 1335 mOsm/L. 
A)  The bacterial content is very high. 
B)  Normal pH range is 2 to 4.5. 
C)  Normal range of volume is 2500 - 3500 mL/day. 
D)  Normal urine is typically 65% water content. 
E)  The osmolarity of normal urine ranges from 855 - 1335 mOsm/L.

Question 19

Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system. 
1) ascending limb of nephron loop
2) ureter
3) distal convoluted tubule
4) descending limb of nephron loop
5) minor calyx
6) proximal convoluted tubule
7) papillary duct
8) renal pelvis
Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine.

Accepted Answer

A)  4, 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 
B)  3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 7, 2 
C)  6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2 
D)  3, 1, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5, 2 
E)  6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 
A)  4, 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 
B)  3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 7, 2 
C)  6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2 
D)  3, 1, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5, 2 
E)  6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2

Question 20

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule

Accepted Answer

A)  are closely associated with unusual smooth muscle fibers. 
B)  reabsorb water and reabsorb or secrete sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions. 
C)  are not permeable to water and solutes. 
D)  are unusually tall, and their nuclei are clustered together. 
E)  reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid. 
A)  are closely associated with unusual smooth muscle fibers. 
B)  reabsorb water and reabsorb or secrete sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions. 
C)  are not permeable to water and solutes. 
D)  are unusually tall, and their nuclei are clustered together. 
E)  reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid.

Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of across the digestive tract with rates of at the kidneys.

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder is called

In the nephron loop,

ANP release is stimulated when

Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle?

Where does exchange among the subdivisions of the ECF primarily occur?

To achieve fluid balance, ion concentration gradients are eliminated by

Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the

What is the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Regarding sodium balance, which is (are) the most important site(s) for regulating sodium ion losses?

A 72-year-old male patient complains of having difficulty while urinating. A very likely explanation may be that

Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s) takes place?

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part. -Label G represents which of the following structures?

In response to respiratory alkalosis,

ADH is released by cells in the

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema (an abnormal buildup of serous fluid between tissue cells) in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced). Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the

Which is true regarding the general characteristics of normal urine?

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The Chemical Level of Organization

Cell Structure and Function

The Tissue Level of Organization

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System

The Muscular System

The Nervous System

The General and Special Senses

The Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energetics

The Reproductive System

Development and Inheritance

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Exam 18: The Urinary System

Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys.

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder is called

In the nephron loop,

ANP release is stimulated when

Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle?

Where does exchange among the subdivisions of the ECF primarily occur?

To achieve fluid balance, ion concentration gradients are eliminated by

Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the

What is the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Regarding sodium balance, which is (are) the most important site(s) for regulating sodium ion losses?

A 72-year-old male patient complains of having difficulty while urinating. A very likely explanation may be that

Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s) takes place?

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part. -Label G represents which of the following structures?

In response to respiratory alkalosis,

ADH is released by cells in the

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema (an abnormal buildup of serous fluid between tissue cells) in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced). Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the

Which is true regarding the general characteristics of normal urine?

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The Chemical Level of Organization

Cell Structure and Function

The Tissue Level of Organization

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System

The Muscular System

The Nervous System

The General and Special Senses

The Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energetics

The Reproductive System

Development and Inheritance

Filters

Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of across the digestive tract with rates of at the kidneys.