Exam 14: Theories of Personality

In the 1960s, a group of psychologists argued that it was time for a "third force" in psychology. What were the first two forces that were perceived as inadequate in explaining human behavior? What alternate perspective would be taken by the "third force" in describing human personality?

In collectivist cultures, the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits.

Innate physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways that are present in infancy are called:

Vito is angry when the school bus driver blames him for misbehaving, when it actually was the child behind him who had been acting up. As he gets off the bus, he kicks the bus tire. Freud would say that Vito is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of:

In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards is called:

If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly resolved, Freud believed children may:

Which cultural practice tends to foster the traits of helpfulness and altruism?

Allison believes that life is full of such inevitable challenges of existence as the search for the meaning of life, the need to confront death, and the necessity of taking responsibility for our actions. Which approach or tradition is she likely to agree with?

Developmental psychologists have attempted to identify the effects of many specific childrearing practices on children's personality traits. The problem with this line of research, which was discussed in the textbook, is that:

According to the ____________ view of personality, the story we tell about ourselves shapes who we are.

In psychoanalysis, which component of personality is present at birth and is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure?

Researchers measure genetic contributions to personality in three ways: by studying personality traits in other species, by studying the temperaments of human infants and children, and by doing heritability studies of twins and adopted individuals. Briefly summarize the evidence from each type of study that personality is, at least in part, biologically determined.

Heritability is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of individuals to choose to act in particular ways?

Which contributes most to the variation among siblings in their personality traits?

Which defense mechanism involves unconscious expulsion or conscious suppression of disturbing material from awareness?

_______________ is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

People from individualist cultures tend to regard "personality" and the sense of self as being more flexible than do people from collectivist cultures.

According to Freud, the psychosexual stage that occurs during the grade school years until puberty is called the:

Archetypes are: