Question 1

Alex loves to see his girlfriend smile. When he stops on the way home from the office to pick up a little gift for her, she gets the biggest smile on her face when he gives it to her. According to the principles of operant conditioning, Alex stops to buy her gifts more and more frequently because

Accepted Answer

A) her smile reinforces his behaviour 
B) if she doesn't smile he feels deflated 
C) it takes increasingly more gifts to make her smile 
D) he rewards her smiling with the gifts

Question 2

A student starts to salivate as they walk into the cafeteria during lunch time. This would be an example of a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

How do the concepts of "insight" and "cognitive maps" challenge the behaviourist view of learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do the concepts of "insight" and...

Question 4

Getting a paycheque every two weeks is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio schedule. 
B) variable-ratio schedule. 
C) fixed-interval schedule. 
D) variable-interval schedule. 
E) fixed-variable schedule.

Question 5

Which of the following provides the most direct evidence for the existence of cognitive maps in animals?

Accepted Answer

A) A rat takes the longer yet only the effective route out of a maze when his direct path is blocked. 
B) A sea lion is able to retrieve a test missile that has been fired into the ocean. 
C) A police dog locates a piece of luggage that contains illegal drugs. 
D) A coyote develops an aversion to sheep after sheep meat has been paired with lithium chloride.

Question 6

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcers by being associated with discriminative stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

You are training an animal using forward short-delay pairing. Which of the following would be the BEST pairing interval?

Accepted Answer

A) Present the CS about 10 seconds after the UCS 
B) Present the CS about 2 seconds after the UCS 
C) Present the CS about 10 seconds before the UCS 
D) Present the CS about 2 seconds before the UCS 
E) Present the CS and the UCS at the same time

Question 8

A high school student is terrified of needle injections. The student has to get a vaccine to start volunteering at the hospital. Every time this student arrives to the hospital, a visceral queasy reaction is felt in their stomach. This would be an example of?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) the law of effect 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 9

If a candy machine isn't working properly, we can usually figure it out pretty quickly and do not continue to deposit coins into the machine. Because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule, it is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly.

Accepted Answer

A) variable ratio 
B) continuous 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval

Question 10

A college student failed 1 midterm during their first semester in school. Initially the student was extremely upset about the exam outcome. In the second semester, the same student failed a midterm again but wasn't upset about it. This would an example of habituation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

How do psychologists know that the hypothalamus and neural pathways involving dopamine regulate the ability to experience reward?

Accepted Answer

A) Rats will refuse to repeatedly press a lever to receive electrical stimulation in the areas of the hypothalamus. 
B) Humans are unable to report pleasure when specific areas in the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated. 
C) Rats will repeatedly press a lever to receive electrical stimulation in the areas of the hypothalamus and humans report pleasure when specific areas in the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated. 
D) Humans will pay unethical surgeons to have electrodes implanted to self-stimulate their hypothalamus.

Question 12

Joey likes to watch wrestling on TV, but his mother usually does not allow him to do this. However, Joey has noticed that when his mom has a bad day at work and gets very tired, she usually doesn't mind if he watches wrestling. As a result, Joey usually will only ask to watch wrestling if his mother has had a hard day at work. In this instance, the kind of day that Joey's mother has at work would be considered a

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) discriminative stimulus 
C) negative reinforcer 
D) consequence

Question 13

You are watching a rat press a bar in a Skinner box. As you look at the cumulative record, you notice that there are significant pauses in responding after reinforcement is delivered. The pauses are flat. The rat does not respond at all for about 10 seconds, then he presses the bar at a very high rate. What kind of schedule is the rat being trained on?

Accepted Answer

A) Fixed interval 
B) Variable interval 
C) Fixed ratio 
D) Variable ratio 
E) Continuous reinforcement

Question 14

You use a ______________ schedule of reinforcement when you are teaching someone to do something new. You use a ______________ schedule of reinforcement after they have learned a behaviour and you want to maintain it.

Accepted Answer

A) continuous; partial 
B) partial; continuous 
C) negative; positive 
D) positive; negative 
E) positive; partial

Question 15

Using his special chamber, Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour, such as pressing a lever, more frequently if a food pellet was provided following that behaviour. The food pellet acts as a(n) _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) punisher 
B) reinforcer 
C) strengthener 
D) outcome variable

Question 16

Animals appear to be biologically prewired to easily learn behaviour that is related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces. This is referred to as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) operant extinction 
C) preparedness 
D) avoidance conditioning 
E) fixed action patterning

Question 17

This type of conditioning occurs when an organism learns to prevent exposure to an aversive stimulus altogether. This is ___________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) classical 
B) escape 
C) avoidance 
D) higher-order

Question 18

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A) sea. 
B) boat. 
C) friend who invited Gavin. 
D) nausea. 
E) none of these responses.

Question 19

The first correct response that occurs after a set amount of time is reinforced is following a ______________________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) variable-ratio 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) variable-interval

Question 20

On her 12th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

Accepted Answer

A) discriminated 
B) generalized 
C) acquired 
D) spontaneously recovered

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Alex loves to see his girlfriend smile. When he stops on the way home from the office to pick up a little gift for her, she gets the biggest smile on her face when he gives it to her. According to the principles of operant conditioning, Alex stops to buy her gifts more and more frequently because

A student starts to salivate as they walk into the cafeteria during lunch time. This would be an example of a conditioned response?

How do the concepts of "insight" and "cognitive maps" challenge the behaviourist view of learning?

Getting a paycheque every two weeks is an example of a

Which of the following provides the most direct evidence for the existence of cognitive maps in animals?

Secondary reinforcers become reinforcers by being associated with discriminative stimuli.

You are training an animal using forward short-delay pairing. Which of the following would be the BEST pairing interval?

A high school student is terrified of needle injections. The student has to get a vaccine to start volunteering at the hospital. Every time this student arrives to the hospital, a visceral queasy reaction is felt in their stomach. This would be an example of?

If a candy machine isn't working properly, we can usually figure it out pretty quickly and do not continue to deposit coins into the machine. Because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule, it is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly.

A college student failed 1 midterm during their first semester in school. Initially the student was extremely upset about the exam outcome. In the second semester, the same student failed a midterm again but wasn't upset about it. This would an example of habituation.

How do psychologists know that the hypothalamus and neural pathways involving dopamine regulate the ability to experience reward?

You use a schedule of reinforcement when you are teaching someone to do something new. You use a schedule of reinforcement after they have learned a behaviour and you want to maintain it.

Using his special chamber, Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour, such as pressing a lever, more frequently if a food pellet was provided following that behaviour. The food pellet acts as a(n) _____________.

Animals appear to be biologically prewired to easily learn behaviour that is related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces. This is referred to as _____________.

This type of conditioning occurs when an organism learns to prevent exposure to an aversive stimulus altogether. This is ___________ conditioning.

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the

The first correct response that occurs after a set amount of time is reinforced is following a ______________________ schedule.

On her 12^th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.