Question 1

Research has determined that chimpanzees can learn to work for and value tokens that can be used in a vending machine to obtain food. According to the principles of operant conditioning, the token would best be considered an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) secondary reinforcer 
B) conditioned response 
C) primary reinforcer 
D) discriminative stimulus

Question 2

A cancer patient who has been receiving chemotherapy at the hospital has been experiencing severe nausea and vomiting. About 2 weeks after the therapy was initiated, the doctor decides to allow the patient to receive the chemotherapy treatment at home with the supervision of a trained nurse. The patient reports having an improved nausea and vomiting following the home therapy. This would be an example of?

Accepted Answer

A) Generalization 
B) Desensitization 
C) Sensitization 
D) Extinction

Question 3

Bobby's parents are frustrated because he never cleans his room. In order to modify their son's behaviour, they start reinforcing Bobby with 25 cents, every time he simply throws his clothes into a particular corner instead of all around the room. After some time passes, they only reinforce him if he puts his clothes in the hamper. As this process continues, Bobby's parents keep gradually changing the terms of reinforcement so that Bobby has to do more and more of the tasks required to keep his room clean. After several months of this, Bobby cleans his entire room for the same 25-cent reward. This example best demonstrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) shaping 
C) higher-order reinforcement 
D) latent learning

Question 4

Explain the key factor in producing the extinction of a CR.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the key factor in producing the...

Question 5

When you jump into a cold pool, it often feels very cold initially and then after a few minutes you typically don't notice the temperature anymore. What phenomenon does this demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) sensitization 
C) personal adaptation 
D) thermal recalibration 
E) priming

Question 6

A change in behaviour that results merely from repeated exposure to a stimulus is called _________, whereas __________ involves learning associations between events.

Accepted Answer

A) adapting; habituation 
B) conditioning; habituation 
C) habituation; adapting 
D) habituation; conditioning

Question 7

According to learning theorists, insight involves the _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement of a conditioned response on a variable schedule of reinforcement 
B) sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem 
C) identification of antecedent stimuli that indicate when a behaviour will have certain consequences 
D) association of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Recent advances in computer and video technology have presented an innovative approach to treating anxiety disorders like phobias _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) by providing 'on-call' virtual psychologists who are holographs created by computer software 
B) with the presentation of virtual relaxation environments to reduce anxiety 
C) by presenting virtual stimuli for exposure therapy within a virtual world 
D) by creating aversive stimuli specific to each client

Question 9

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, the jump response is maintained by

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) classical conditioning 
C) punishment 
D) cognitive mapping 
E) negative reinforcement

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) Praise 
B) Food 
C) Money 
D) Grades

Question 11

When Richard had an accident in his parent's car, he had his license suspended for 6 months. This outcome was intended to decrease his poor driving habits, therefore taking his license away is considered

Accepted Answer

A) punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) desensitization 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 12

When the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will gradually weaken in a process called

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) discrimination 
D) habituation 
E) positive reinforcement

Question 13

When a dog salivates in response to a tone, the salivation would technically be considered a(n) ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) UCS 
B) CS 
C) UCR 
D) CR

Question 14

Animals trained on schedules of reinforcement sometimes show a post-reinforcement pause-they stop responding for a while immediately after reinforcement is delivered. Which of the following schedules would NOT show a post-reinforcement pause?

Accepted Answer

A) Fixed-interval 
B) Fixed-ratio 
C) Variable-interval 
D) Short-delay schedule 
E) Intermittent ratio

Question 15

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. If she is able to not reach for a cigarette for an hour, she receives a star that can later be turned for a prize. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment 
E) discrimination training

Question 16

All of the following are circumstances under which conditioned responses are typically acquired more rapidly EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired multiple times 
B) when the UCS is more intense 
C) when the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus 
D) when the UCS is aversive

Question 17

Edward Thorndike's law of ____________ specifically states that a response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur.

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental learning 
B) generalization 
C) aversive conditioning 
D) effect

Question 18

Stimulus generalization refers to the process where stimuli that are similar to the initial ______________ also elicit a conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response

Question 19

Which type of learning alerts organisms to stimuli that signal the impending arrival of an important event?

Accepted Answer

A) Sensitization 
B) Classical conditioning 
C) Operant conditioning 
D) Latent learning

Question 20

A school age child is allowed to watch cartoons only after the homework has been completed and the assigned chores for the day are done. On days the homework is unfinished, or chores are left undone, the child is denied cartoon time. As a result, the child has become responsible about what is expected. Which strategy are the parents using to shape the child's habits?

Accepted Answer

A) Discriminative stimuli 
B) Punishment 
C) Rewards 
D) The law of effect

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience