Question 1

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as

Accepted Answer

A) involuntarily elicited behaviour is to voluntarily emitted behaviour 
B) involuntarily emitted behaviour is to voluntarily elicited behaviour 
C) voluntarily elicited behaviour is to involuntarily emitted behaviour 
D) voluntarily emitted behaviour is to involuntarily elicited behaviour

Question 2

Following the inappropriate pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus, an individual is most likely to develop

Accepted Answer

A) acute posttraumatic stress disorder 
B) chronic posttraumatic stress disorder 
C) generalized anxiety 
D) a phobia

Question 3

You are doing some research on place cells in humans. If the biology is the same as in rats, we would expect the place cells to resemble a

Accepted Answer

A) geometric map 
B) topological map 
C) digital map 
D) conditioned map 
E) mercator map

Question 4

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia cries or screams, her mother scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. Eventually, however, Sonia's mother realizes that Sonia only wants attention, so she stops coming over when Sonia cries and screams. What should happen as a result?

Accepted Answer

A) The mother will learn to discriminate against Sonia. 
B) Higher-order conditioning. 
C) Sonia's screaming behaviour will be extinguished. 
D) Sonia's screaming behaviour will be reinforced. 
E) Sonia's screaming would get louder.

Question 5

Have you ever eaten something and then gotten sick afterwards? Chances are probably good that you avoided eating that particular food again in the future, even if it was not the food that caused your illness. This idea that we are "prewired" to learn behaviours related to survival as a species is called

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) shaping. 
C) instinctive drift. 
D) preparedness. 
E) evolutionary noise.

Question 6

This form of learning has strong adaptive significance because if we responded continuously to every stimulus in the environment, we would quickly become fatigued and overwhelmed. This form of learning is called

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) one-trial learning 
C) extinction 
D) negative reinforcement

Question 7

The key factor in determining whether extinction will occur or not is

Accepted Answer

A) the passage of time after a conditioned stimulus has been reinforced 
B) whether punishment has been used during the learning trials or not 
C) the use of a conditioned stimulus that lends itself readily to habituation 
D) repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Last week, Jessica threw a temper tantrum in the middle of the grocery store because her mother had said she could not have a candy bar. After 5 minutes of screaming and crying, Jessica got a candy bar. Now Jessica is throwing another temper tantrum in the grocery store because she was told that she could not have an ice cream cone. The frequency of Jessica's behaviour has been influenced by _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) response cost punishment 
B) aversive punishment 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 9

When it comes to exams, Natalie is very confident that she can always get a high grade. According to Bandura's social-cognitive theory, Natalie is high in

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) observational learning 
C) discrimination 
D) self-awareness 
E) self-efficacy

Question 10

Shaping is defined as the process in which _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) successive approximations of a desired behaviour are reinforced 
B) a behaviour is weakened by the removal of a consequence 
C) a neutral stimuli becomes a "reinforcer" because of its association with a primary reinforcer 
D) a behaviour is strengthened by the presentation of a consequence

Question 11

Susan is staying with some friends who have a dog. Each night, when she has turned off the TV and is heading for bed, she gives the dog a treat. Soon the dog gets very excited whenever Susan turns off the TV at night because he has learned what this signal means. When Susan eventually leaves her friends' house, the dog continues to get excited when the owners turn off the TV, but since the owners don't give the dog a treat at this time, the dog's behaviour soon returns to normal. The change in the dog's behaviour after Susan's departure best illustrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) response cost 
C) extinction 
D) punishment

Question 12

Imagine that you have a headache. You take two aspirin and notice that in a few minutes, your headache starts to subside. Because the aspirin effectively eliminated your headache, you would probably be more likely to take them again the next time you have a headache. This example best demonstrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) avoidance conditioning 
C) response cost punishment 
D) escape conditioning

Question 13

Snakes, closed spaces, wild animals, and airplanes are common sources of phobias for humans. Why might it be that humans are less often treated for phobias involving rainbows, smiles, or cheerful people?

Accepted Answer

A) Positive events do not happen to us with negative stimuli. 
B) Negative events do not happen to us with positive stimuli. 
C) We are systematically exposed to more negative stimuli. 
D) We are biologically and cognitively prepared to acquire certain fears.

Question 14

Pavlov is known as the one who discovered ____________, which has been described as one of the most important discoveries in the history of psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) sensitization 
B) classical conditioning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) latent learning

Question 15

Habituation has strong adaptive significance because it allows organisms to learn not to respond to _____________ stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A) changing 
B) uneventful and familiar 
C) novel 
D) discriminative

Question 16

Advertisers often develop commercials for alcohol that include young, attractive individuals having a good time so that consumers will learn to associate their product with having a pleasant experience. This would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A) sensitization 
B) classical conditioning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) latent learning

Question 17

Ahmen adopts a dog from the local animal shelter. When Ahmen's mother comes home that day, she runs to the dog to pet her, but the dog cowers and puts her tail between her legs. The dog continues to exhibit this response whenever Ahmen's mother approaches her. Eventually, after several weeks, the dog cowers less until finally, Ahmen's mother is able to pet the dog. What the dog has learned is that Ahmen's mother will not harm her; therefore, her response decreases with time. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) extinction 
C) tabula rasa 
D) habituation

Question 18

For a traditional behaviourist, the most troubling aspects of Tolman's latent learning research with rats was that learning was happening without any _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) discriminative stimuli 
B) awareness of contingencies 
C) insight 
D) direct reinforcement

Question 19

Explain how operant extinction, positive punishment, and negative punishment differ.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how operant extinction, positive punishment, and...

Question 20

An antecedent is a(n) ___________ that is present ___________ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Accepted Answer

A) association; after 
B) stimulus; before 
C) conditioned response; after 
D) emitted behaviour; before

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience