Question 1

A child notices and watches an adult who is able to do something that she can't yet do. This child's behaviour best illustrates which of the following steps in the modelling process?

Accepted Answer

A) Motivation 
B) Retention 
C) Attention 
D) Reproduction

Question 2

The schedule of reinforcement that is the most resistant to extinction is the

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-interval schedule 
B) variable-ratio schedule 
C) fixed-ratio schedule 
D) all of these are equally resistant to extinction 
E) none of these are resistant to extinction

Question 3

The most important ingredient in extinguishing a classically conditioned behaviour is the repeated presentation of the CS without the CR.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. Whenever she does, she receives a mild electric shock. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment 
E) scheduled reinforcement

Question 5

Differentiate between the essential characteristics of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Be sure to mention elicited and emitted behaviours in your answer. Using an example of a snow phobia triggered by being buried briefly in the snow as a child, explain how both learning theories can be combined to explain the initial development and maintenance of avoidance behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differentiate between the essential characteristics of classical...

Question 6

Habituation is another term for sensory adaptation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Let's say that you are working for a drug company and you are trying to development a new treatment for a problem related to learning. If you could be very precise with the drug and reduce activity in the right amygdala, what would this be a treatment for?

Accepted Answer

A) Post-traumatic stress disorder 
B) Instinctive drift 
C) Latent learning 
D) Low self-efficacy 
E) Behavioural mania

Question 8

According to operant conditioning, _____________ occurs when a consequence strengthens the behaviour it follows.

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) reinforcement 
C) response cost punishment 
D) aversive punishment

Question 9

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to slow down the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how ________.

Accepted Answer

A) preparedness influences biology 
B) shaping influences learning 
C) learning influences biology 
D) biology influences learning

Question 10

Usually, learning through classical conditioning occurs more quickly with

Accepted Answer

A) forward trace pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
B) simultaneous pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
C) forward trace pairing of the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response 
D) simultaneous pairing of the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 11

The new CEO of apple company decides to increase everyone pay if the employees promise to attend work regularly. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment 
B) Positive reinforcement 
C) Negative reinforcement 
D) Extinction

Question 12

At the restaurant last night you had mussels for the first time. You really enjoyed them. But later in the evening, you started to become sick and assumed that it was because of the mussels. This can occur even though the association is hours later because of

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift 
B) trace conditioning 
C) avoidance learning 
D) conditioned taste aversion 
E) escape conditioning

Question 13

Historically, how have behaviourists defined learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Historically, how have behaviourists defined learning?...

Question 14

Which of the following concepts is most similar to higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Latent learning 
B) Chaining 
C) Discrimination training 
D) Delay of gratification 
E) Partialrein forcement

Question 15

If you want to train a dog to perform really complex behaviours such as those seen in movies, it might be a good idea to use a procedure called

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) chaining 
C) discrimination 
D) habituation 
E) backward pairing

Question 16

The process in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) extinction 
C) higher-order conditioning 
D) shaping

Question 17

Jon is really attracted to Henry. The way he looks just automatically makes him feel good. Jon may call this lover, but in terms of classical conditioned, the fact that he "feels good" could be seen as

Accepted Answer

A) a conditioned response 
B) an unconditioned response 
C) a conditioned stimulus 
D) an unconditioned stimulus 
E) trace conditioning

Question 18

The decreasing response to a repeated stimulus is defined as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) latent learning 
C) habituation 
D) sensitization

Question 19

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash. Using the principles of classical conditioning, the crash would be considered the __________. The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) UCR; discrimination 
B) UCR; stimulus generalization 
C) UCS; discrimination 
D) UCS; stimulus generalization

Question 20

James did very well on his last midterm, so his parents bought him a new laptop. His parents are using a form of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment 
E) discrimination training

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience