Question 1

Figure 41.1
-How would you, as an athlete or trainer, interpret the data portrayed in the graph above?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is highly probable that muscle cells involved in exercise use fatty acids as a fuel source. 
B)  The protein- fat diet resulted in the longest endurance. 
C)  A high- carbohydrate diet consumed before an endurance event improves endurance. 
D)  A high- carbohydrate diet is deleterious to all individuals because carbohydrates contain empty calories.

Question 2

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances. How might they survive the acid pH of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

A)  They release chemicals that decrease acid production in the stomach. 
B)  They burrow under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium. 
C)  They secrete a buffer to neutralize acid. 
D)  They hook up to the blood supply of the stomach.

Question 3

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle

Accepted Answer

A)  have cellulose- digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their stomach chambers. 
B)  saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose. 
C)  re- ingest their feces. 
D)  manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver. 
E)  are autotrophic.

Question 4

What condition may arise if an individual has defective insulin receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  diabetes mellitus type I 
B)  diabetes insipidus 
C)  gestational diabetes 
D)  diabetes mellitus type II

Question 5

The parietal cells that line the stomach secrete hydrogen ions into the stomach against a concentration gradient. Based on that knowledge, which of the following transport processes is most likely involved in hydrogen ion secretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport 
B)  diffusion 
C)  facilitated diffusion 
D)  endocytosis

Question 6

Vitamin D is indirectly responsible for calcium uptake in the intestine. What is the mechanism by which Vitamin D and its receptor affect the calcium transporter gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene initiation 
B)  gene repression 
C)  gene expression 
D)  gene translation

Question 7

The process of obtaining is known as and requires specialized mouthparts.

Accepted Answer

A)  excretion 
B)  ingestion 
C)  absorption 
D)  digestion

Question 8

The process of breaking down food particles into molecules that can be transported into circulation is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption. 
B)  digestion. 
C)  excretion. 
D)  ingestion.

Question 9

Villi and microvilli that are associated with the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium are important in that they

Accepted Answer

A)  contain stratified layered) epithelial cells for protection against pathogens entering with food. 
B)  transport substances from the epithelial cells into the circulatory system. 
C)  contain cilia that facilitate movement of the contents of the alimentary canal toward the anus. 
D)  increase the surface area available for absorption.

Question 10

Ruminants have a multi- compartmented stomach. They have a symbiotic relationship with bacterial organisms resident in the first of four compartments the rumen). How do the bacteria help ruminant digestion?

Accepted Answer

A)  They increase the rate of movement of contents through the alimentary canal. 
B)  They do not help with digestion, but benefit from foods eaten by the ruminant. 
C)  They maintain a basic pH in the rumen. 
D)  They break down cellulose, a complex polysaccharide that would be indigestible without the assistance of bacterial organisms.

Question 11

Amino acids, dipeptides, and sugars are transported from intestinal epithelial cells into circulation. Lipids are transported from the intestinal epithelium into

Accepted Answer

A)  the gall bladder. 
B)  the lymph system. 
C)  smooth muscles that make up the core of the villi of the intestinal epithelium. 
D)  the liver.

Question 12

What condition may arise in an individual who has defective pancreatic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  gestational diabetes 
B)  diabetes mellitus type II 
C)  diabetes insipidus 
D)  diabetes mellitus type I

Question 13

Which of the following is a major function of the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

A)  to store bile 
B)  to initiate protein digestion 
C)  to produce and release bile to aid in fat absorption 
D)  to absorb the end- products of digestion

Question 14

Coprophagy benefits animals by allowing them to

Accepted Answer

A)  absorb more nutrients from food. 
B)  hide their feces from predators. 
C)  ferment their feces in their stomachs. 
D)  digest starches in their stomach. 
E)  All of the above are benefits of coprophagy.

Question 15

Food and its products of degradation move through the alimentary canal by means of peristalsis. What is peristalsis?

Accepted Answer

A)  rhythmic lengthening and shortening of epithelial cells lining the lumen of the alimentary canal 
B)  movement of nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the autorhythmic smooth muscle cells 
C)  rhythmic waves of contraction of the muscular layer surrounding the alimentary canal that are responsible for moving contents of the lumen along the length of the digestive tract 
D)  movements of the muscular layer surrounding the alimentary canal that are under voluntary control

Question 16

Bile, which is synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is important in lipid digestion. What feature/function of bile makes it an effective emulsifying agent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Its enzymatic activity removes fatty acids from triglycerides, making them more soluble in water. 
B)  Bile stimulates the transport processes involved in movement of triglycerides into intestinal epithelial cells. 
C)  Bile adds hydroxyl groups to the hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids, making them more soluble in water. 
D)  Bile is an amphipathic molecule, having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Question 17

The stomach releases hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment. Which cells release acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  parietal cells 
B)  smooth muscle cells 
C)  goblet cells 
D)  chief cells

Question 18

If the person consumes 2500 calories daily to maintain body weight, what percentage of the RDA for iron would this person receive from a serving of apple juice?

Accepted Answer

A)  20% 
B)  more than 20% 
C)  less than 20%

Question 19

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form?

Accepted Answer

A)  These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. 
B)  Upon study of chief cells, they were able to isolate active forms of pepsin and trypsin. 
C)  They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin. 
D)  The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form.

Question 20

Food labels provide nutrient information and express the amount of a given nutrient as

Accepted Answer

A)  International Units. 
B)  a percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. 
C)  percent composition of the food product. 
D)  calories.

Exam 41: Animal Nutrition

Figure 41.1 -How would you, as an athlete or trainer, interpret the data portrayed in the graph above?