Question 1

Table 40.1
-Refer to Table 40.1: Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na+, K+, and Cl- ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Movement of these ions from circulation into the rectal gland is an active process.
B)   These ions move into the rectal gland with their osmotic gradient.
C)   Movement of these ions takes place from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
D)   The rectal gland is unable to concentrate these ions. A

Question 2

Different habitats pose certain challenges to animal survival. For instance, terrestrial insects must maintain water balance by minimizing evaporation. How do insects minimize water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)   Eat more plant material that is high in water content.
B)   Excrete nitrogenous waste as urea.
C)   Have a cuticle covered by a waxy hydrophobic layer.
D)   Keep the spiracles open. C

Question 3

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)   Bowman's capsule
B)   the proximal convoluted tubule
C)   the loop of Henle
D)   the collecting duct A

Question 4

Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)   a small surface area/volume relationship
B)   a proteinaceous epidermis
C)   chitin and the cuticle
D)   tracheae and spiracles

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Accepted Answer

A)   the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium
B)   two solutions that are isotonic
C)   type 2 diabetes mellitus
D)   all of the above

Question 6

Figure 40.1
-Where does filtration take place in the figure above?

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Figure 40.1
-Where does filtration take place...

Question 7

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   osmoregulators in the rectal gland
B)   ion concentration of hemolymph
C)   selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules
D)   osmotic gradients created by ion pumps

Question 8

Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. To maintain homeostasis in this environment, they must

Accepted Answer

A)   excrete large quantities of water.
B)   excrete large quantities of electrolytes.
C)   consume large quantities of water.
D)   take in electrolytes through simple diffusion.

Question 9

What is the function of the shark rectal gland?

Accepted Answer

A)   It concentrates electrolytes necessary for homeostasis in a hypertonic environment.
B)   It is involved in osmoregulation.
C)   It secretes a hypotonic solution.
D)   It is responsible for excretion of undigested residue.

Question 10

A potassium ion gradient is set up in the Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

Accepted Answer

A)   There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules.
B)   Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules.
C)   The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement.
D)   Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient.

Question 11

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

Accepted Answer

A)   Salmon surface to breathe oxygen, so there is no need for more than one mechanism of osmoregulation.
B)   Different gill cells are involved in osmoregulation in freshwater than in salt water.
C)   Their metabolism changes in salt water to degrade electrolytes.
D)   The rectal gland functions in the ocean water, and chloride cells function in freshwater.

Question 12

For filtration to take place through the fenestrated capillaries of the renal corpuscle,

Accepted Answer

A)   there must be a larger concentration of proteins in the renal tubule than in the glomerulus.
B)   there must be more than one capillary bed in the renal corpuscle.
C)   concentration of ions must be greater in the capillaries the glomerulus)  than in the renal tubule.
D)   there must be a greater pressure inside the glomerulus than in the renal tubules.

Question 13

Marine vertebrates live in an) environment.

Accepted Answer

A)   isotonic
B)   hypertonic
C)   hypotonic
D)   osmotonic

Question 14

Why do birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste? Because uric acid

Accepted Answer

A)   is readily soluble in water, permitting its release in dilute urine.
B)   is produced from their low- protein diet.
C)   is metabolically intermediate to synthesize than other excretory products, balancing metabolic costs and water loss.
D)   requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus conserving water and reducing body mass.

Question 15

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of freshwater, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.
B)   Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.
C)   The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors.
D)   Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.
E)   Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.

Question 16

There are microvilli on the luminal apical) surface of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the proximal tubule. Microvilli are structural features designed to

Accepted Answer

A)   maximize surface area available for reabsorption of solutes from the renal tubule.
B)   accommodate membrane proteins involved in active transport of substances into the rental tubule.
C)   maximize surface area available to pump ions into the renal tubule.
D)   provide adequate space to house membrane proteins involved in active transport of solutes out of the renal tubule.

Question 17

Freshwater fish reside in hypotonic environments. They do not drink water, and they excrete large volumes of hypotonic urine in an effort to osmoregulate. How do they obtain an adequate supply of electrolytes?

Accepted Answer

A)   There is an increase in Na+/K+- ATPase activity across the basolateral membrane.
B)   Gill lamellae take up additional electrolytes from freshwater.
C)   The rectal gland is specialized to produce the dilute hypotonic urine)  and conserve ions.
D)   Chloride cells transport additional electrolytes into the circulation of these organisms.

Question 18

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because

Accepted Answer

A)   the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification.
B)   absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated.
C)   differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient.
D)   additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle.

Question 19

How does ion composition of pre- urine differ from hemolymph?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hemolymph is higher in osmolarity, conserving its Cl- .
B)   Pre- urine is significantly higher in osmolarity especially with respect to Na+ and K+) .
C)   The protein pumps and channels of the Malpighian tubules concentrate Cl- in the pre- urine.
D)   Pre- urine is similar to hemolymph in ion composition.

Question 20

Proper functioning of body cells and processes requires solute concentrations to be maintained within a narrow range. Which of the following solutes would be absorbed by the proximal tubule of the kidney nephron?

Accepted Answer

A)   triglyceride
B)   carbon dioxide
C)   sodium
D)   urea

Exam 40: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Table 40.1 -Refer to Table 40.1: Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-?

Different habitats pose certain challenges to animal survival. For instance, terrestrial insects must maintain water balance by minimizing evaporation. How do insects minimize water loss?

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Figure 40.1 -Where does filtration take place in the figure above?

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. To maintain homeostasis in this environment, they must

What is the function of the shark rectal gland?

A potassium ion gradient is set up in the Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

For filtration to take place through the fenestrated capillaries of the renal corpuscle,

Marine vertebrates live in an) environment.

Why do birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste? Because uric acid

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of freshwater, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

There are microvilli on the luminal apical) surface of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the proximal tubule. Microvilli are structural features designed to

Freshwater fish reside in hypotonic environments. They do not drink water, and they excrete large volumes of hypotonic urine in an effort to osmoregulate. How do they obtain an adequate supply of electrolytes?

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because

How does ion composition of pre- urine differ from hemolymph?

Proper functioning of body cells and processes requires solute concentrations to be maintained within a narrow range. Which of the following solutes would be absorbed by the proximal tubule of the kidney nephron?

Exam 40: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Table 40.1 -Refer to Table 40.1: Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na+, K+, and Cl- ?

Different habitats pose certain challenges to animal survival. For instance, terrestrial insects must maintain water balance by minimizing evaporation. How do insects minimize water loss?

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Figure 40.1 -Where does filtration take place in the figure above?

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. To maintain homeostasis in this environment, they must

What is the function of the shark rectal gland?

A potassium ion gradient is set up in the Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

For filtration to take place through the fenestrated capillaries of the renal corpuscle,

Marine vertebrates live in an) environment.

Why do birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste? Because uric acid

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of freshwater, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

There are microvilli on the luminal apical) surface of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the proximal tubule. Microvilli are structural features designed to

Freshwater fish reside in hypotonic environments. They do not drink water, and they excrete large volumes of hypotonic urine in an effort to osmoregulate. How do they obtain an adequate supply of electrolytes?

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because

How does ion composition of pre- urine differ from hemolymph?

Proper functioning of body cells and processes requires solute concentrations to be maintained within a narrow range. Which of the following solutes would be absorbed by the proximal tubule of the kidney nephron?

Table 40.1 -Refer to Table 40.1: Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-?