Question 1

The most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is:

Accepted Answer

A)  mitral valve prolapse. 
B)  pulmonary stenosis. 
C)  tricuspid valve prolapse. 
D)  aortic stenosis.

Question 2

As left heart failure progresses:

Accepted Answer

A)  left ventricular preload increases. 
B)  systemic vascular resistance decreases. 
C)  left end-diastolic volume decreases. 
D)  pulmonary vascular resistance decreases.

Question 3

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 minute 
B)  20 minutes 
C)  30 minutes 
D)  60 minutes

Question 4

When a person is in shock, impairment in cellular metabolism is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  release of toxic substances. 
B)  free radical formation. 
C)  inadequate tissue perfusion. 
D)  lack of nervous or endocrine stimulation.

Question 5

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. She would also have a decreased cardiac output because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  pericardial effusions. 
B)  fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers. 
C)  cardiomyopathy. 
D)  hemorrhage in the pericardial cavity.

Question 6

The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  an amplified antiinflammatory response. 
B)  gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream. 
C)  the increased oxygen demand of highly metabolic tissue. 
D)  the increased spread of infection.

Question 7

A 51-year-old male is at his health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed a substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. He is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

A)  stable angina. 
B)  unstable angina. 
C)  Prinzmetal angina. 
D)  myocardial infarction.

Question 8

A 28-year-old female presents to the ER complaining of severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:

Accepted Answer

A)  acute pericarditis. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  stable angina. 
D)  pericardial effusion.

Question 9

A 50-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. He is being treated for shock. His cardiopulmonary symptoms include low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea. His skin is pale and cool. The primary cause of his shock is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A)  rapid heart rate. 
B)  decreased cardiac contractility. 
C)  increased capillary permeability. 
D)  decreased afterload due to vasodilation.

Question 10

A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He is told that _____ raise LDL levels and lower HDL levels and should be avoided.

Accepted Answer

A)  monounsaturated fats 
B)  polyunsaturated fats 
C)  saturated fats 
D)  trans-fat

Question 11

Individuals with Raynaud disease have severe symptoms under which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Allergic reactions 
B)  Cold exposure 
C)  Hot water immersion 
D)  Tissue injury

Question 12

Which valve disorder is manifested by a widened pulse pressure and throbbing peripheral pulses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mitral regurgitation 
B)  Mitral stenosis 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Aortic stenosis

Question 13

During shock states, glucose uptake is usually:

Accepted Answer

A)  enhanced. 
B)  normal. 
C)  impaired. 
D)  energy intensive.

Question 14

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  headache and blurred vision. 
B)  nausea and vomiting. 
C)  chest pain and palpitations. 
D)  syncope and fainting.

Question 15

A 75-year-old female has been critically ill with MODS for longer than a week and has developed a severe oxygen supply and demand imbalance. The statement that best describes this imbalance is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased oxygen delivery to cells fails to meet decreased oxygen demands. 
B)  The amount of oxygen consumed by cells depends only on the needs of cells, because there is oxygen in reserve. 
C)  The situation results in "supply-independent consumption." 
D)  The reserve has been exhausted, and the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the amount the circulation is able to deliver.

Question 16

Inflammatory cells have difficulty limiting the colonization of microorganisms in infective endocarditis because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the microorganisms are resistant. 
B)  the valves are avascular. 
C)  the microorganisms are sequestered in a fibrin clot. 
D)  the colonies overwhelm the phagocytes.

Question 17

A 30-year-old Caucasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. Which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Race 
B)  Diet 
C)  Age 
D)  Genes

Question 18

A 62-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unstable 
B)  Stable 
C)  Prinzmetal 
D)  Silent

Question 19

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac output has fallen below normal levels. 
B)  the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand. 
C)  myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits. 
D)  the vagus nerve is stimulated.

Question 20

A 35-year-old male presents with pulmonary hypertension. Testing reveals he is in right heart failure. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aortic stenosis 
B)  Tricuspid regurgitation 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Mitral regurgitation

Exam 23: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function